<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">estpsi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Estud. psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">0103-166X</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1982-0275</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIÊ - Temas em Dependências Comportamentais</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Os jovens seguem usando narguilé apesar do conhecimento dos possíveis riscos à saúde</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4066-2848</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Salles</surname>
                        <given-names>Thais Vidal</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>concepção e planejamento do projeto</role>
                    <role>análise formal e interpretação dos dados</role>
                    <role>discussão dos dados</role>
                    <role>revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6856-8212</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Andrade</surname>
                        <given-names>Arthur Guerra de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>interpretação</role>
                    <role>discussão</role>
                    <role>revisão e edição dos dados</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9805-8347</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Oliveira</surname>
                        <given-names>Lucio Garcia de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>concepção e planejamento do projeto</role>
                    <role>análise formal e interpretação dos dados</role>
                    <role>discussão dos dados</role>
                    <role>revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Neurociências</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Disciplina de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Departamento de Neurociências, Disciplina de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor responsável</label>
                    <p>André Luiz Monezi de Andrade</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflito de interesses</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c01">Correspondência para: L. G. OLIVEIRA. E-mail: <email>lucgoliver@gmail.com</email>. </corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <elocation-id>e230009</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>02</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>04</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>18</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>É preocupante notar que os usuários sigam usando o narguilé, embora a literatura aponte que o seu uso cause danos irreversíveis à saúde. Esse estudo avaliou a percepção dos usuários de narguilé e a interferência do seu consumo sobre a saúde.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Método</title>
                    <p>Esse é um estudo qualitativo. Uma amostra intencional de usuários foi recrutada. Os participantes responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Todas as entrevistas foram avaliadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>A maioria dos discursos apontou que os entrevistados conhecem os malefícios à saúde advindos do uso de narguilé. Entretanto, os efeitos sobre a saúde mental raramente foram lembrados pelos entrevistados, embora muitos deles já estivessem em uso problemático de tabaco, álcool e ou de outras drogas. A percepção de controle sobre o uso, o poder reforçador dos efeitos e a ausência de experiências pessoais negativas com o narguilé são importantes motivadores para seguir o uso.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>Campanhas educativas e medidas para a redução e o controle do uso devem ser encorajadas.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Estudos transversais</kwd>
                <kwd>Narguilé</kwd>
                <kwd>Pesquisa qualitativa</kwd>
                <kwd>Tabaco</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
                    <award-id>2019/06030-5</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Auxílio FAPESP n° 2019/06030-5).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
            <counts>
                <fig-count count="0"/>
                <table-count count="2"/>
                <equation-count count="0"/>
                <ref-count count="28"/>
            </counts>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <p>O uso de Narguilé Para Fumar (NPF) é uma preocupação de saúde pública em todo o mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
        <p>O NPF claramente representa um grave risco inalatório para os usuários, pois eles estão vulneráveis à inalação de substâncias tóxicas oriundas do tabaco, bem como de substâncias tóxicas geradas pela combustão do carvão aquecido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis &amp; Talhout, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Shihadeh et al., 2015</xref>). Uma revisão sistemática abrangente revelou que 206 compostos químicos foram identificados na fumaça do NPF (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>). Além disso, o uso de NPF tem sido associado a condições sistêmicas comumente relacionadas ao tabagismo; revisões e outros estudos têm mostrado uma associação positiva entre o uso de NPF e condições de saúde como doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, câncer de pulmão, malignidades de cabeça e pescoço, doenças cardiovasculares, baixo peso ao nascer, entre outras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alves et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
        <p>O fato dos usuários poderem compartilhar o aparelho também aumenta o risco de contaminação microbiana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>). Em outra revisão sistemática da literatura, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis e Talhout (2020)</xref> sugeriram que essa prática compartilhada do NPF está associada à transmissão de doenças infecciosas, que também podem se desenvolver devido à falta de saneamento e à limpeza inadequada dos dispositivos de narguilé em ambientes públicos.</p>
        <p>O aumento da frequência do uso de NPF também está associado a condições de saúde mental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>). Nesse sentido, ele pode servir como porta de entrada para o uso do cigarro. Uma revisão sistemática dos efeitos do tabagismo do NPF na saúde sugeriu que, entre os atuais não fumantes de cigarros, o NPF aumenta as chances de iniciar o tabagismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>). Por exemplo, em um estudo longitudinal, demonstrou que o uso de NPF é um fator de risco significativo para o início subsequente de outros produtos combustíveis de tabaco (cigarros convencionais e produtos de charuto) ou cigarros eletrônicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Case et al., 2018</xref>). Assim, há uma preocupação especial com a possibilidade da escalada do NPF para o tabagismo regular e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento de dependência de nicotina, conforme sugerido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti and Mukherjee (2019)</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, é comum que a maioria dos jovens adultos considere que o NPF seja menos prejudicial e viciante do que o cigarro convencional e alguns até acreditam que certos aditivos trazem benefícios à saúde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jafaralilou et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Karaman et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kuk et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>). Em um estudo qualitativo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Griffiths e Ford (2014)</xref> revelaram que os usuários de NPF percebiam uma baixa vulnerabilidade a infecções ou outros problemas ou condições de saúde associados aos NPF. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Noonan e Patrick (2013)</xref> observaram que 30% de sua amostra consideravam o NPF menos prejudicial do que o uso de cigarros, enquanto 60% da amostra consideravam que o narguilé tinha menos poder indutor de dependência do que os cigarros. No entanto, até o momento, a literatura não traz um consenso sobre a percepção do usuário em relação aos danos à saúde relacionados ao uso de NPF, apontando que o uso de NPF é alarmante, especialmente no contexto de dados mínimos disponíveis sobre a demografia e os efeitos à saúde do NPF. Nesse sentido, no Brasil, pouco se sabe sobre o uso de NPF e seus usuários, nem os motivos que os levam a continuarem usando NPF, apesar de suas possíveis consequências para a saúde. Além disso, muitos estudos brasileiros sobre seu uso têm se concentrado em estudantes, desconsiderando a participação de jovens da população em geral. Assim, pretende-se avaliar, usando a metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, o que os jovens usuários de NPF da população em geral sabem sobre os efeitos do uso de NPF na saúde e a motivação para continuar com esse consumo. Também verifica-se se os usuários do NPF relatam espontaneamente informações sobre os efeitos do NPF na saúde mental, especialmente no uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas. Por fim, avalia-se o risco de desenvolvimento da dependência de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas entre os usuários de NPF, comparando esses resultados com a percepção que os usuários possuem sobre os impactos na saúde pelo uso do NPF.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Métodos</title>
            <p>As premissas e técnicas da metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa foram usadas para conduzir este estudo. Essa metodologia é a melhor alternativa quando um fenômeno social parcialmente conhecido (ou desconhecido) é retratado, permitindo o levantamento de informações, a formulação e a comprovação de novas hipóteses. A metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa busca avaliar, interpretar, compreender e descrever os sentidos e significados de um fenômeno social a partir dos valores, crenças, representações, hábitos, atitudes e opiniões do indivíduo ou grupo que os detém (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yin, 2016</xref>). Neste estudo, adota-se a abordagem etnográfica, um desenho qualitativo que visa a descrever e interpretar os padrões compartilhados e aprendidos de valores, comportamentos e crenças de um grupo que compartilha cultura; o grupo que compartilha cultura analisado neste estudo foi o dos usuários do NPF.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>Participantes</title>
                <p>A metodologia qualitativa usa uma seleção intencional da amostra, escolhendo sujeitos que vivenciaram o fenômeno social, chamado de “casos ricos em informações”, em vez de optar por uma amostra probabilística (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). A amostra intencional é selecionada por critérios, que são submetidos a fatores que caracterizam os atores sociais do fenômeno em questão. Como o objetivo da presente pesquisa era investigar o uso recreativo de NPF, foram selecionados como parte da amostra usuários de ambos os sexos, com 18 anos ou mais, que não faziam desse uso um costume cultural. Os usuários foram definidos como sujeitos que haviam experimentado narguilé ao menos 25 vezes durante toda a vida, havendo feito uso nos seis meses precedentes à entrevista, evitando a seleção de usuários esporádicos ou novatos que ainda não possuíam um “histórico” com o NPF, o que geraria informações insuficientes e viés de iniciante. O primeiro passo na seleção da amostra foi entrar em contato com informantes-chave e <italic>gatekeepers</italic>, pessoas que controlam as informações, o acesso físico e outras relações importantes dentro do fenômeno social em estudo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Creswell &amp; Poth, 2018</xref>). Quatro pessoas foram selecionadas como informantes-chave: três eram profissionais de saúde (dois médicos – um especialista em psiquiatria e um especialista em pediatria/hebiatria – e um profissional de psicologia) e um era usuário do NPF não experimental. A participação dessas pessoas foi importante para que os pesquisadores conhecessem o campo de pesquisa e ajudassem a desenvolver o roteiro da entrevista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Creswell &amp; Poth, 2018</xref>). O segundo passo para a seleção da amostra foi o uso da técnica de bola de neve, em que o pesquisador foi inserido em uma rede de entrevistados por meio de indicações sucessivas dos próprios participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Vinuto, 2014</xref>); ou seja, um participante da pesquisa identificou possíveis participantes em suas redes sociais, que, por sua vez, identificaram outras pessoas, e assim por diante. A partir daí, foram feitas cadeias de entrevistados de diferentes regiões da cidade de São Paulo e da região do ABC paulista, possibilitando a inclusão de perfis variados de entrevistados, aumentando a diversidade de casos e melhorando a compreensão das nuances do fenômeno social. Os participantes da pesquisa foram selecionados continuamente até o ponto em que a saturação teórica da amostra foi atingida, ou seja, o momento em que as informações se tornaram repetidas, redundantes ou recorrentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). O estudo chegou a esse ponto com 29 participantes, divididos em dez cadeias de entrevistados.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Instrumentos</title>
                <p>As entrevistas foram usadas como ferramenta de pesquisa, permitindo o registro do comportamento verbal e não verbal dos participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yin, 2016</xref>). Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada dirigida por um roteiro de perguntas abertas, que foi aplicada a todos os membros da amostra; isso permitiu uma sistematização da coleta de dados, bem como o fato de que os entrevistados foram comparados entre si quanto às respostas, identificando variações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). As entrevistas foram realizadas face a face por dois entrevistadores acostumados a esse tipo de procedimento. As entrevistas foram realizadas durante o dia, em locais onde eles estavam acostumados a usar NPF, desde suas próprias casas até locais públicos, como bares e tabacarias. As entrevistas foram guiadas por um roteiro de perguntas abertas que permitiram aos pesquisadores descrever o perfil dos entrevistados (sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, situação de trabalho, nível socioeconômico, religião, entre outros) e tópicos relacionados a (a) descrição do uso de NPF (idade de início do uso; descrição de uma sessão típica de NPF; efeitos psicológicos resultantes do uso do narguilé; padrão de uso do narguilé; entre outros); (b) uso de álcool, cigarros e outras drogas; (c) percepção do usuário sobre o NPF e (e) motivos para continuar utilizando NPF. Neste artigo, concentra-se a análise sobre a percepção dos entrevistados quanto ao uso do NPF.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Análise de dados</title>
                <p>Quanto à forma de análise das entrevistas, primeiramente, cada uma recebeu um código alfanumérico para resguardar a confidencialidade das informações do participante, que significou, nesta ordem: (a) a inicial do nome do entrevistado; (b) a idade; e (c) a inicial do sexo (F ou M). Assim, o código A20F significaria um usuário do NPF que é do sexo feminino (F), tem 20 anos de idade (20) e cujo nome começa com a letra A. Em seguida, cada uma das entrevistas foi transcrita e impressa. As informações foram analisadas em núcleos temáticos pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin, um método de triagem de classificação e quantificação de acordo com a frequência de itens de significado nas declarações, permitindo a classificação das informações em categorias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Bardin, 2016</xref>). Essa análise foi realizada de acordo com as seguintes etapas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Franco, 2018</xref>): (a) leituras flutuantes: pode ser definida como a leitura rápida do texto para saber do que se trata e como está organizado, estabelecendo contato com os documentos a serem analisados e conhecendo o texto; (b) definição de hipóteses provisórias: a leitura flutuante permitiu a construção de hipóteses sobre o objeto em estudo; (c) determinação das Unidades de Contexto (UC) e Unidades de Registro (UR) do texto para aplicar as regras de quantificação. As UCs são fragmentos do texto de cada entrevista em um determinado núcleo temático, analisados individualmente. As UCs foram abreviadas em unidades de menor comprimento, as URs. Nessa etapa da análise, a interpretação das informações não foi considerada. É importante mencionar que, para este estudo, foi gerado um total de 160 UCs e 215 URs; (d) análise categórica do texto: as URs foram agrupadas em categorias e subcategorias de acordo com seu significado semântico, de forma a explicar empiricamente o fenômeno estudado; (e) interpretação/apresentação dos resultados: os pesquisadores avaliaram a frequência de ocorrência de cada uma das categorias e subcategorias listadas para a explicação de um determinado núcleo temático, apresentando-as em tabelas. É importante observar que cada categoria é importante para explicar o fenômeno, independentemente de sua frequência em um núcleo temático, mesmo que apareça na declaração de apenas uma pessoa. Os dados foram representados de forma essencialmente descritiva e ilustrados com fragmentos das falas dos entrevistados, aumentando sua riqueza.</p>
                <p>Além disso, os entrevistados foram convidados a responder o “<italic>Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test</italic>” (ASSIST-OMS), que obtém informações sobre o uso de tabaco e outras drogas (maconha, cocaína, crack, inalantes, anfetaminas, ecstasy, alucinógenos, opioides, entre outros) ao longo da vida e nos últimos 3 meses, e obtém informações sobre problemas relacionados com drogas nos últimos 3 meses. Além disso, o ASSIST-WHO indica o nível de risco associado ao uso de substâncias por um entrevistado e se o uso é perigoso e pode causar danos. A pontuação da escala para tabaco e outras drogas varia da seguinte forma: (a) uso de baixo risco (≤ 3 pontos), uso de risco moderado (4-26) e uso de alto risco (≥ 27). Os entrevistados que obtiveram pontuação ≥ 4 estavam em risco de abuso de tabaco e outras drogas. O <italic>Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test</italic> (AUDIT) foi usado para avaliar o risco do uso de álcool. A pontuação da escala para o álcool varia da seguinte forma: (a) consumo de baixo risco (CBR) (≤ 7 pontos), (b) uso de risco (UR) (8-15), (c) uso nocivo (UN) (16-19) e (d) provável dependência (PD) (≥ 20). Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC) sob o Processo nº 3.660.548.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
            <title>Resultados</title>
            <p>Os entrevistados eram jovens (idade média = 24,6 anos; amplitude: 18-37), homens (<italic>n</italic> = 18), solteiros (<italic>n</italic> = 25) com ensino médio concluído (<italic>n</italic> = 26). A maioria deles tinha um vínculo empregatício formal (<italic>n</italic> = 22) e alguma religião no momento da entrevista (<italic>n</italic> = 16). Sobre a percepção de riscos à saúde relacionados ao uso de NPF, a categoria sobre o reconhecimento da ocorrência de alguma doença e/ou problema de saúde devido ao uso de NPF foi a mais relatada.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) certamente não faz algo bom (&#x2026;) eu vejo quando a água está escurecendo (&#x2026;) ela (a fumaça) está entrando dentro de mim (&#x2026;) certamente não é boa, é densa e há coisas misturadas no ar (G22F).</p>
                    <p>Acho que sim, por causa da fumaça que você inala, do dióxido de carbono e de muitas outras coisas. É a nicotina, a essência e as substâncias tóxicas que ela contém. Então, acho que não é bom para você (C22M).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>Entre os entrevistados que reconheceram a ocorrência de alguma doença/problema de saúde, as categorias sobre o suposto acontecimento de doenças do trato respiratório, infecciosas/contagiosas foram as mais relatadas. Eles também relataram a suposta ocorrência de doenças inflamatórias e sintomas inespecíficos, como tontura, dor de cabeça e aumento da pressão arterial, entre outros. Por outro lado, houve apenas algumas declarações que relacionaram o uso de NPF ao desenvolvimento de problemas de saúde mental; o desenvolvimento de abuso/dependência de tabaco foi a única categoria relatada sobre os supostos problemas de saúde mental relacionados ao uso de NPF.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) acho que pode causar câncer de pulmão, dependendo do quanto a pessoa fuma (&#x2026;), e também é muito perigoso para pessoas com asma (&#x2026;). Isso pode piorar esses problemas respiratórios. Mesmo para pessoas que já têm pressão arterial baixa, ele pode reduzi-la ainda mais. Além disso, problemas físicos por causa da fumaça (G22F).</p>
                    <p>(Compartilhar uma mangueira) pode transmitir hepatite, aftas, herpes, tudo. É aí que entra o bom senso das pessoas (J20F).</p>
                    <p>Conheço pessoas que não o usavam e hoje o fazem o tempo todo. Digo que é sempre tipo assim, estou assistindo um filme ou novela, acendo o narguilé. Portanto, acredito que há esse risco de dependência (L26F).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) não sei como explicar; acho que me acostumei com isso (&#x2026;) hoje em dia, vou fumar a qualquer momento; é um vício que não consigo mais suportar. Mas não é uma droga (&#x2026;), mas é um hábito, um vício, tudo isso (T20F).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) não, não tem euforia, eu mesmo nunca senti nada (&#x2026;) é como jogar futebol, praticamente a mesma coisa, não tem euforia, não sinto nada (V30M).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>Os relatos dos participantes também mostraram que o compartilhamento obrigatório da mangueira do aparelho de narguilé poderia transmitir algumas doenças infecciosas/contagiosas pelo contato indireto entre as bocas. Assim, quando solicitados a responder sobre o uso de algum método preventivo para evitar isso, os participantes foram divididos igualmente em duas categorias: (a) Sim e (b) Não. Entre os que responderam sim, o uso de um bocal (uma peça de plástico posicionada na ponta da mangueira para evitar o contato entre as bocas) foi o método preventivo mais relatado. Alguns entrevistados relataram o uso de uma mangueira descartável ou a limpeza da mangueira com a mão após o uso por um colega, ou o fato de terem seu próprio narguilé. Seja qual for a técnica escolhida pela pessoa, notamos que seu uso pode ser inconsistente, pois algumas declarações mostraram que eles não usam com familiares, amigos ou outras pessoas, apenas com estranhos.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>Quando vamos a um salão ou tabacaria, nós as alugamos; há mangueiras descartáveis para uso único. E há também o bocal, um pequeno objeto que você coloca na ponta (da mangueira). É de plástico e descartável (E18M).</p>
                    <p>Teoricamente, ela (a mangueira) deveria ser individual, mas quando você está em um grupo de amigos, é um pouco embaraçoso, sabe? É estranho pedir ao seu amigo; vai parecer que você está com nojo. E mesmo que você esteja realmente com nojo, tem vergonha de expor isso a ele (J20F).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) compartilhar uma mangueira é a mesma coisa que compartilhar um copo. Eu sempre compartilho copos com meus amigos porque sei que eles não têm doenças na boca para transmitir. Só acho que você deve compartilhar com pessoas que conhece, não entrar em um lugar cheio de estranhos e começar a fumar com eles (E18M).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>A maioria dos depoimentos apontou que o conhecimento dessas doenças e/ou problemas ocorreu como uma suposição baseada na observação de uma fonte externa (pelas mídias sociais, internet e TV, entre outras), e não como uma experiência pessoal. Mas as informações externas também podem vir da observação de eventos que ocorreram com pessoas de seu ambiente social imediato, como familiares, amigos e colegas, entre outros.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) a mídia começou a mostrar que o narguilé poderia até ser mais prejudicial do que o cigarro (&#x2026;). Eles começaram a relatar problemas bucais e úlceras (&#x2026;), e alguns até relataram problemas pulmonares resultantes do uso do narguilé. Não investiguei em profundidade (D35M).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) quando estou subindo uma ladeira, por estar atrasada e ter de ir rápido, sinto-me cansada (&#x2026;) tenho 20 anos de idade; isso não deveria estar acontecendo. Mas não consigo parar de fumar; já estou em um vício terrível (T20F).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>Perguntamos por que, mesmo sabendo dos riscos à saúde, os entrevistados continuavam a usar o narguilé. A percepção de controle sobre o uso, os efeitos de reforço e a ausência de experiências negativas de saúde em suas vidas foram os motivadores importantes para o uso contínuo, mesmo nessas condições. Motivos recreativos (fazer anéis com a fumaça), a falta de uma autoridade controladora e o uso visto como uma norma social foram motivadores mencionados com menos frequência entre as declarações.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>Pode até ser ruim para mim, mas não vejo o peso desse dano. Para mim, isso não pesa tanto quanto o momento de lazer. Não vejo necessidade de abrir mão dele porque não está me impedindo de fazer nada na minha vida, no meu treinamento, na minha saúde, nos meus amigos (G22F).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) ah, porque é uma coisa que eu gosto muito. Se você parar de fazer tudo o que te traz risco, não viverá, certo? Acho que ser independente é algo de que gosto, e isso me faz bem (R21F).</p>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) sim, não há proibição, não há lei (&#x2026;) então, quando meus pais não me deixavam fumar, eu fumava longe deles, na escola, algo assim. Mas agora que meus pais sabem e não há nenhuma lei contra isso, eu fumo até dizer chega (J20F).</p>
                    <p>Todo mundo sabe, eu sei, estou cansado de pesquisar; a TV diz, você procura artigos, procura notícias. Portanto, tenho plena consciência de que estou fazendo muito mal a mim mesmo, mas estou aceitando isso porque realmente gosto de narguilé. Mas eu escolhi isso para mim; sei que é ruim e tudo mais, então estou muito consciente (P34M).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>Além disso, é importante observar que alguns participantes demonstraram ignorância ou negação sobre as consequências do uso de NPF na saúde, o que foi relatado por apenas algumas declarações.</p>
            <p><disp-quote>
                    <p>(&#x2026;) mas há relatos de pessoas que fumam narguilé há 20, 30 anos e vão fazer um raio X e têm o pulmão de uma pessoa que nunca fumou na vida. Então, eu não sei (E18M).</p>
                    <p>Então, com pessoas próximas a mim e comigo, nunca aconteceu nada. Não sei se há riscos ou tudo mais, porque nunca aconteceu nada parecido conosco (D26M).</p>
                </disp-quote></p>
            <p>Por fim, sobre os resultados da medida ASSIST-OMS do uso de tabaco, 21 entrevistados relataram que não estavam envolvidos com o consumo de cigarros (5 nunca haviam experimentado e 16 haviam experimentado cigarros apenas na vida, relatando não gostar do sabor ou do cheiro); apenas 8 entrevistados relataram algum envolvimento com o consumo de cigarros (um fumante ocasional; cinco fumantes regulares e 2 ex-usuários) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t01">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Uso de tabaco ao longo da vida em cigarros industrializados e resultados da escala ASSIST para risco de abuso de tabaco e da escala AUDIT para risco de dependência de álcool. São Paulo e ABC, 2019-2020 (n = 29)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th align="left">Código</th>
                            <th>Uso do tabaco</th>
                            <th>ASSIST</th>
                            <th>AUDIT</th>
                            <th>Categoria AUDIT</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">P18MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>–</td>
                            <td>–</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">P21MU</td>
                            <td>Uso regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>27 (PD)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">G21MU</td>
                            <td>Nunca experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>20 (PD)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">V30MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>8 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">T20FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>11 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">R21FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">E23MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>24 (PD)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">G22FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>16 (UN)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">E18MU</td>
                            <td>Nunca experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">Y26MU</td>
                            <td>Uso ocasional de cigarros</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>10 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">J20FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>10 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">D25FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>3</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">F23MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>10 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">H18MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>14 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">R23MU</td>
                            <td>Ex-usuário regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>18 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">C22MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>11 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">C27FU</td>
                            <td>Uso regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>13 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">L26FU</td>
                            <td>Nunca experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>2</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">L24FU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>5</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">A22FU</td>
                            <td>Nunca experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>5</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">A31FE</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>17 (UN)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">D26MU</td>
                            <td>Uso regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">G22MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>10 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">L21MU</td>
                            <td>Uso regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>0</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">P34MU</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>13 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">R24MU</td>
                            <td>Nunca experimentei</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">D35ME</td>
                            <td>Ex-usuário regular</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>8 (UR)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">J37FE</td>
                            <td>Uso regular</td>
                            <td>(+)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">P32ME</td>
                            <td>Apenas experimentei</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>(-)</td>
                            <td>5</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota: (1) ASSIST: Teste de triagem para envolvimento com cigarros e outras substâncias: a pontuação da escala para o tabaco varia da seguinte forma: (a) uso de baixo risco (≤ 3 pontos), uso de risco moderado (4-26) e uso de alto risco para abuso de tabaco (≥ 27); os entrevistados que obtiveram pontuação ≥ 4 foram considerados positivos, ou seja, participantes que tinham pelo menos risco moderado de desenvolver abuso de tabaco; (2) AUDIT: Teste para identificar problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool, onde: (a) consumo de baixo risco (CRB) (≤ 7 pontos), (b) uso de risco (UR) (8-15), (c) uso nocivo (UN) (16-19) e (d) provável dependência (DP) (≥ 20).</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Entre todos os participantes, 23 entrevistados já estavam desenvolvendo um uso abusivo de produtos de tabaco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>) (ASSIST-WHO &gt; = 4) no momento da entrevista. Isso significa que esses participantes já tinham alguns problemas relacionados ao uso do tabaco e precisavam de alguma intervenção. Especulamos que isso pode se dever principalmente ao uso de NPF, já que a maioria dos entrevistados não relatou nenhum envolvimento com o consumo de cigarros. Dezessete dos entrevistados estavam pelo menos abusando do álcool no momento da entrevista, de acordo com os critérios do AUDIT: (a) uso de risco (<italic>n</italic> = 12), (b) uso nocivo (<italic>n</italic> = 2) e (c) provável dependência de álcool (<italic>n</italic> = 3). Além disso, cinco dos entrevistados estavam abusando da maconha, de acordo com os critérios da ASSIST-OMS. No entanto, um entrevistado abusava de inalantes e um único entrevistado abusava de quatro substâncias (álcool, tabaco, maconha e inalantes) (dados não mostrados na tabela).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
            <title>Discussão</title>
            <p>Neste trabalho, identificamos que o perfil dos usuários de NPF selecionados da população geral da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e do ABC é consistente com os descritos anteriormente, caracterizando-os como sendo do sexo masculino, jovens, com alto grau de instrução, com vínculos empregatícios formais e vivendo predominantemente em áreas urbanas, sugerindo que esse perfil ultrapasse barreiras culturais e linguísticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>).</p>
            <p>Sobre o tema central deste estudo, nossos participantes reconheceram a existência de doenças e/ou problemas de saúde relacionados ao uso de NPF, tendo mencionado, entre eles, a ocorrência de doenças infecto-contagiosas, pulmonares e inflamatórias, bem como a ocorrência de sintomas inespecíficos, como tontura e dor de cabeça, aumento da pressão arterial, entre outros. Também identificamos que o conhecimento da ocorrência de doenças e/ou problemas de saúde pelo usuário de NPF não era comumente adquirido por meio do uso ou da experiência pessoal, mas por meio de fontes externas veiculadas pela mídia, entre outras.</p>
            <p>Nesse sentido, é preocupante notar que os usuários estão cientes dos riscos à saúde decorrentes do uso de NPF. Por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> apontaram que muitos de seus participantes reconheceram as consequências negativas para a saúde sobre o uso de NPF e expressaram preocupação com o compartilhamento de mangueiras. Mas outros estudos anteriores sugeriram que, mesmo sabendo dos riscos à saúde, os usuários do NPF preferem continuar a usá-lo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kotecha et al., 2016</xref>). Pesquisas qualitativas anteriores revelaram que os jovens geralmente estão cientes das consequências do fumo para a saúde, independentemente da via de iniciação, mas preferem correr o risco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Antin et al., 2020</xref>). Parece que, por mais que soubessem sobre os efeitos nocivos do narguilé, isso parece ser insuficiente para evitar o seu uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martins et al., 2014</xref>). Portanto, isso contradiz estudos anteriores que sugeriram que a falsa impressão de segurança atribuída ao NPF se deve à falta de informações adequadas sobre seu uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Daniels &amp; Roman, 2013</xref>); ou que muitos jovens desconhecem ou têm concepções errôneas sobre aspectos do uso do tabaco no narguilé, reconhecendo os perigos associados ao fumo, mas raramente os associando ao uso do narguilé (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Griffiths &amp; Ford, 2014</xref>).</p>
            <p>Por outro lado, os efeitos do NPF sobre a saúde mental raramente foram relatados por nossos participantes. Apenas alguns usuários relataram um suposto abuso de tabaco devido ao NPF. Nesse sentido, a questão mais preocupante foi identificar que quase todos os entrevistados estavam fazendo um uso arriscado de produtos de tabaco, e a maioria estava fazendo uso perigoso de álcool no momento da entrevista. O uso arriscado de maconha ou inalantes também foi identificado.</p>
            <p>Portanto, a pergunta é: por que os usuários de NPF negam esse conhecimento e continuam usando NPF apesar de suas consequências para a saúde? <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis e Talhout (2020)</xref> sugeriram que o uso contínuo de NPF pode ser uma questão de atratividade relacionada ao narguilé. Esses autores relataram que o sabor é o principal motivo para decidir sobre o uso de NPF, além do teor de nicotina, do preço e do aspecto socializante. Além disso, em um estudo desenvolvido para avaliar as preferências de jovens adultos em relação aos possíveis determinantes de nível individual do NPF, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> apontou que o sabor foi responsável por 81,4% das decisões de consumo de narguilé. A participação em jogos também foi um motivo importante para o uso de NPF, de acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salles et al. (2021)</xref>. Além das características do NPF, acreditamos que a decisão de continuar seu uso pode envolver questões individuais. A esse respeito, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> sugeriram que questões pessoais, como ter uma atitude positiva em relação ao NPF em relação às necessidades sociopsicológicas e baixa percepção de risco, estão entre os motivos apresentados para o consumo de NPF. Alguns desses motivos foram identificados neste estudo. A falta de experiência pessoal com problemas de saúde devido ao NPF parece ser um importante motivador para o usuário minimizar os riscos associados ao seu uso, fortalecendo atitudes positivas em relação a ele. A questão de colocar o prazer à frente dos perigos do uso, a percepção de saber como controlar o uso e/ou suas consequências e o uso inconsistente de estratégias preventivas para reduzir o risco de transmissão de doenças infecciosas/contagiosas (apesar de saber disso) retratam, em conjunto, a baixa percepção de risco de danos à saúde ao fumar tabaco em um narguilé. Além disso, o fato da maioria dos participantes apresentarem uso de risco de tabaco e/ou álcool e/ou outras drogas sugere que não estejam cientes dos efeitos nocivos do uso de NPF.</p>
            <p>Portanto, campanhas educativas sobre o NPF são sempre necessárias, especialmente para aumentar a conscientização sobre os malefícios do NPF para a saúde mental. Ainda assim, a saída parece ser a mudança no comportamento dos usuários. As mudanças ambientais são necessárias para controlar as atitudes e os comportamentos dos usuários. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> sugeriram que a facilidade de acesso e a falta de leis influenciam as decisões de fumar narguilé. As regulamentações insuficientes para <italic>lounges</italic> ou rotulagem de NPF e nenhuma política para regularizar os agentes aromatizantes e o carvão usados nos narguilés também parecem ser motivos para incentivar o uso do narguilé (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>). Nesse sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jeihooni et al. (2018)</xref> recomendou que especialistas e autoridades se concentrassem na mudança de atitudes em relação ao NPF, fortalecendo os comportamentos de controle, aumentando a eficácia na prevenção do NPF e lidando com a tentação. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> recomendou a formulação de políticas específicas contra o NPF, como a proibição do NPF em espaços fechados, o aumento dos preços e a restrição de propagandas diretas e indiretas pela mídia de massa, a exibição de advertências nos narguilés como as dos cigarros, entre outras. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis e Talhout (2020)</xref> aconselharam a inclusão de produtos sem tabaco com ou sem nicotina nas regulamentações de produtos de tabaco e proibições de fumar, proibindo o uso de aromatizantes em qualquer nível no melaço de tabaco, prescrevendo testes para regular o conteúdo de produtos de narguilé e fontes de aquecimento, incentivando a pesquisa sobre emissões de narguilé, prescrevendo avisos colocados no dispositivo de narguilé, no cardápio ou na entrada do salão de NPF, entre outros. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> também sugeriram que limitar o uso de NPF por meio de preços mais altos pode reduzir efetivamente a demanda por NPF entre adultos jovens. Parece que mudar os fatores ambientais por meio de mudanças nas políticas traria o maior benefício, com poucas diferenças individuais. No Brasil, vale a pena mencionar que as medidas tomadas para reduzir o consumo de cigarros convencionais ao longo dos anos podem servir como exemplo de redução ou controle do uso de NPF. O Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva apontou que a prevalência do tabagismo entre adultos com 18 anos ou mais foi reduzida de 34,8% para 18,2% de 1986 a 2008, chegando a 12,8% em 2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ministério da Saúde, 2012</xref>). Essa política de controle do uso de cigarros inclui a proibição de outros produtos de fumo, mas não está claro até que ponto a legislação faz referência direta ao NPF. Somado a isso, há uma possível fiscalização deficiente dos pontos de venda e consumo de NPF, o que dá a impressão de ausência de uma política de controle, conforme apontado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti and Mukherjee (2019)</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Conclusão</title>
            <p>Entende-se que os resultados obtidos não podem ser generalizados para toda a população de usuários do NPF. Conclui-se que eles podem ser um guia para o desenvolvimento de estratégias na prevenção para jovens que usam (ou ainda não usam) NPF. Além disso, os resultados podem ajudar na implementação de políticas já adotadas para o uso de cigarros. Por fim, incentiva-se o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p><bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Salles, T. V., Andrade, A. G., &amp; Oliveira, L. G. (2023). Os jovens seguem usando narguilé apesar do conhecimento dos possíveis riscos à saúde. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e230009. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Support</label>
                <p>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Auxílio FAPESP n° 2019/06030-5).</p>
            </fn>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIR - Trends on Behavioral Addictions</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Young people continue to use hookah despite knowledge of possible health risks</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4066-2848</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Salles</surname>
                        <given-names>Thais Vidal</given-names>
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                    <role>project design and conceptualization</role>
                    <role>data formal analysis and data interpretation</role>
                    <role>data discussion</role>
                    <role> review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
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                        <surname>Andrade</surname>
                        <given-names>Arthur Guerra de</given-names>
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                    <role>data interpretation</role>
                    <role>data discussion</role>
                    <role>review and editing</role>
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                <contrib contrib-type="author">
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                    <name>
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                        <given-names>Lucio Garcia de</given-names>
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                    <role>project design and conceptualization</role>
                    <role>data formal analysis and data interpretation</role>
                    <role>data discussion</role>
                    <role> review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Departamento de Neurociências, Disciplina de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>André Luiz Monezi de Andrade</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c02">Correspondence to: L. G. OLIVEIRA. E-mail: <email>lucgoliver@gmail.com</email>. </corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>Although the scientific literature show that waterpipe tobacco smoking causes irreversible damage to health, users continue to use it.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Method</title>
                    <p>This study evaluates the users’ perceptions about the effect of this consumption on health. This is a qualitative study. A purposeful sample of current users was recruited. Participants were invited to undertake an in-depth semi-structured interview. The interviews were evaluated by content analysis method.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>Most speeches pointed out that the interviewees are aware of the harm to health from using waterpipe tobacco smoking. Although most interviewees were already developing a problematic use of tobacco, alcohol or other drugs, they rarely related waterpipe tobacco smoking with mental health consequences. The essential motivators for its continued use were the perception of control over waterpipe tobacco smoking use, the reinforcing tobacco effects, and the absence of negative health experiences in life.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>Understand that educational campaigns and control measures should be encouraged.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Cross-sectional studies</kwd>
                <kwd>Hookah</kwd>
                <kwd>Qualitative research</kwd>
                <kwd>Tobacco</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
                    <award-id>2019/06030-5</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement><italic>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Auxílio FAPESP n° 2019/06030-5).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <p>The use of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking (WTS) is a public health concern worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
            <p>The WTS clearly poses a severe inhalational hazard to users since they are vulnerable to inhaling toxicants transferred from the tobacco, as well as combustion-generated toxicants from the heated charcoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis &amp; Talhout, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Shihadeh et al., 2015</xref>). A comprehensive systematic review revealed that 206 chemical compounds were identified in the WTS smoke (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>). Then, the use of WTS has been associated with systemic conditions commonly related to smoking; reviews and other studies have been showing a positive association between the use of WTS and health conditions such as obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, malignancies of the head and neck, cardiovascular diseases, low birth weight, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alves et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
            <p>The fact that the users may share the apparatus also increases the risk of microbial contamination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aljadani et al., 2020</xref>). In another systematic review of the literature, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis and Talhout (2020)</xref> suggested that this shared practice of WTS is associated with the transmission of infectious diseases, which may also develop due to poor sanitation and inadequate cleaning of hookah devices in public settings.</p>
            <p>The increased frequency of WTS use is also associated with mental health conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Waziry et al., 2017</xref>). In this regard, it can serve as a gateway to cigarette use. A systematic review of the effects of WTS smoking on health suggested that among current non-cigarette smokers, WTS increases the odds of initiating cigarette smoking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>). For instance, in a longitudinal study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Case et al. (2018)</xref> demonstrated that the use of WTS is a significant risk factor for the subsequent initiation of other combustible tobacco products (conventional cigarettes and cigar products) or electronic cigarettes. Thus, there is a particular concern about the possibility of progression from WTS to regular smoking and, consequently, the development of nicotine dependence, as suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti and Mukherjee (2019)</xref>.</p>
            <p>Despite that, it is common for most young adults to consider that WTS is less harmful and addictive than combustible cigarette smoking, with some even believing that certain additives impart health benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jafaralilou et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Karaman et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kuk et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Patel et al., 2019</xref>). In a qualitative study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Griffiths and Ford (2014)</xref> revealed that WTS users perceived a low vulnerability to infection or other health problems or conditions associated with WTS. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Noonan and Patrick (2013)</xref> observed that 30% of their sample considered WTS to be less harmful than cigarette use, while 60% of the sample considered hookah to have less addictive inducing power than cigarettes. However, until now, the literature does not necessarily bring about a consensus on the user’s perception of the health harms related to WTS use, pointing out that WTS use is alarming, especially in the context of minimal available data about WTS demographics and health effects. In this regard, in Brazil, little is known about the use of WTS and its users, nor the reasons that lead them to continue using WTS despite its potential health consequences. Also, many Brazilian studies on its use have focused on students, disregarding the participation of young people from the general population. Thus, we intended to evaluate, using qualitative research methodology, what young WTS users from the general population know about the health effects of WTS usage and the motivation to go on this consumption. We intended to evaluate if WTS users spontaneously report information about WTS effects on mental health, especially on alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. We also measured the risk of developing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug dependence among WTS users to compare these outcomes to the perception users had about the effects of WTS use on health.</p>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>Methods</title>
                <p>The assumptions and techniques of the qualitative research methodology were used to conduct this study. This methodology is the best alternative when a partially known (or unknown) social phenomenon is portrayed, allowing the survey of information, formulation, and proof of new hypotheses. The qualitative research methodology seeks to evaluate, interpret, understand, and describe the senses and meanings of a social phenomenon from the values, beliefs, representations, habits, attitudes, and opinions of the individual or group that holds them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yin, 2016</xref>). In this study, we adopted the ethnographic approach, a qualitative design aimed to describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors and beliefs of a culture-sharing group; the culture-sharing group under analysis in this study was the WTS users.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Participants</title>
                    <p>The qualitative methodology uses an intentional selection of the sample, choosing subjects that have experienced the social phenomenon, whom we call “information-rich cases”, instead of opting for a probabilistic sample (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). The intentional sample is selected by criteria, which are submitted to factors that characterize the social actors of the phenomenon in question. As the present research aimed to investigate the recreational use of WTS, users of both genders, aged 18 years or older, who did not make this use a cultural custom were selected as part of the sample. The users were defined as subjects who had used hookah at least 25 times during their lives and who were active in its use in the six months before the interview, avoiding the selection of experimental or novice users who still did not have a “history” with WTS, which would generate insufficient information and beginner’s bias. The first step in the sample selection was to contact key informants and gatekeepers, people who control information, physical access, and other important relations within the social phenomenon under study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Creswell &amp; Poth, 2018</xref>). Four people were selected as key informants: three were health professionals (two doctors – a specialist in psychiatry and a specialist in pediatrics/hebiatrics – and a psychology professional), and one was a non-experimental WTS user. The participation of these people was important for the researchers to know the research field and to help develop the interview script (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Creswell &amp; Poth, 2018</xref>). The second step for the sample selection was the use of the snowball technique, in which the researcher was inserted into a network of interviewees through successive indications of the participants themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Vinuto, 2014</xref>); that is, a research participant identified potential participants in their social networks, who in turn, identified other people, and so on. From then on, chains of interviewees from different regions of the city of São Paulo and the ABC region of São Paulo were made, enabling the inclusion of varied profiles of interviewees, increasing the diversity of cases, and improving the understanding of the nuances of the social phenomenon. The research participants were continuously selected until the point when the theoretical saturation of the sample was reached, that is, the moment when the information became repeated, redundant, or recurrent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). This study reached this point with 29 participants, divided into ten chains of interviewees.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Instruments</title>
                    <p>The interviews were used as a research tool, enabling the recording of participants’ verbal and nonverbal behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yin, 2016</xref>). We used a semi-structured interview directed by a script of open questions, which was applied to all members of the sample; this allowed a systematization of data collection as well as the fact that the interviewees were compared among themselves regarding the answers, identifying variations in this regard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Víctora et al., 2000</xref>). The interviews were carried out face-to-face by two interviewers who are used to this type of procedure. The interviews were carried out during daytime, in places where they were used to use WTS, ranging from their own homes to public places such as bars and tobacco shops. Once the participants consented to participate, the interview was carried out. The interviews were guided by a script of open questions that allowed the researchers to describe the profile of the interviewees (gender, age, education, marital status, work situation, socioeconomic status, religion, among others) and topics related to (a) description of WTS (age at onset of use; description of a typical WTS session; psychological effects resulting from hookah use; pattern of use of hookah; among others); (b) use of alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs; (c) user’s perception of WTS, and (e) reasons for continuing to use WTS. In this manuscript, we focused the analysis on the interviewees’ perception of the use of WTS.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Data Analysis</title>
                    <p>As for the form of analysis of the interviews, first, each one was assigned an alphanumeric code to safeguard the confidentiality of the participant’s information, which was, in this order: (a) the initial of the name; (b) age; and (c) initial of the sex (F or M). Thus, the code A20F would mean a WTS user who is female (F), 20 years old (20), and whose name begins with the letter A. Then, each of the interviews was transcribed and printed. The information was analyzed in thematic cores through the content analysis method of Bardin, a classification and quantification screening method according to the frequency of items of meaning in statements, then allowing the classification of information into categories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Bardin, 2016</xref>). This analysis was performed according to the following stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Franco, 2018</xref>): (a) skimming the text: it can be defined as reading the text quickly to find out what it is about and how it is organized, establishing contact with the documents to be analyzed, and getting to know the text; (b) definition of provisional hypotheses: the floating reading allowed the construction of hypotheses about the object under study; (c) determination of the Context Units (CU) and Recording Units (RU) of the text to then apply quantification rules. The CUs are fragments of the text of each interview within a given thematic core, which are individually analyzed. The CUs were abbreviated into units of shorter length, the RUs. At this stage of the analysis, the interpretation of the information was not considered. It is important to mention that, for this study, a total of 160 CUs and 215 RUs were generated; (d) categorical analysis of the text: the RUs were grouped into categories and subcategories according to their semantic meaning, in such a way as to explain the phenomenon studied empirically; (e) interpretation/presentation of the results: the researchers evaluated the frequency of occurrence of each of the categories and subcategories listed for the explanation of a given thematic core, presenting them in tables. It is important to note that every category, regardless of its frequency in a thematic core, is important for explaining the phenomenon, even if it appears in only one person’s statement. Data were represented in an essentially descriptive way and illustrated with fragments of the interviewee’s speeches, enhancing its richness.</p>
                    <p>Further, the respondents were invited to answer the “Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test” (ASSIST-WHO) that obtains information concerning tobacco and other drug use (marijuana, cocaine, crack-cocaine, inhalants, amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens, opioids, among others) across the lifetime and over the last 3 months, and obtains information concerning drug-related problems over the last 3 months. Furthermore, the ASSIST-WHO indicates the level of risk associated with a respondent’s substance use and whether their use is hazardous and likely to cause harm. The scale score for tobacco and other drugs varies as follows: (a) low-risk use (≤ 3 points), moderate-risk use (4-26) and high-risk use (≥ 27). Respondents who scored ≥ 4 were at risk of abusing tobacco and other drugs. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to evaluate the risky use of alcohol. The scale score for alcohol varies as follows: (a) low-risk consumption (LRC) (≤ 7 points), (b) risk use (RU) (8-15), (c) harmful use (HU) (16-19) and (d) probable dependence (PD) (≥ 20). This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Centro Universitario Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC) through Process nº 3,660,548.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results">
                <title>Results</title>
                <p>The interviewees were young (average age = 24.6 years; range: 18-37), male (<italic>n</italic> = 18), single (<italic>n</italic> = 25), and had completed High School education (<italic>n</italic> = 26). Most of them had a formal employment tie (<italic>n</italic> = 22) and some religion at the time of the interview (<italic>n</italic> = 16). On the perception of health risks related to the use of WTS, the category on the recognition of the occurrence of some disease and/or health problem due to WTS was the most reported.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>(...) it certainly does not do a good thing (...) I see when the water is getting dark (...) it (the smoke) is going inside me (...) it is certainly not good, it is dense, and there are things mixed in the air (G22F).</p>
                        <p>I think so because of the smoke you inhale, the carbon dioxide, and many things. It is the nicotine, the essence, and the toxic substances it has. So, I think it isn’t good for you (C22M).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>Among the interviewees who recognized the occurrence of some disease/health problem, the categories about the supposed event of respiratory tract diseases, infectious/contagious were the most often reported. They also reported the supposed occurrence of inflammatory diseases and nonspecific symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and increased blood pressure, among others. On the other hand, there were only a few statements relating the use of WTS to the development of mental health issues; the development of abuse/dependence on tobacco was the only category reported about the supposed mental health issues related due to WTS.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>(...) I think it can cause lung cancer depending on how much the person smokes (...), and it is also very dangerous for people with asthma (...). It can worsen these respiratory problems. Even for people who already have low blood pressure, it can lower it further. Plus, physical problems because of the smoke (G22F).</p>
                        <p>(Sharing a hose) can transmit hepatitis, thrush, herpes, everything. That’s where people’s common sense comes in (J20F).</p>
                        <p>I know people who didn’t use it, and today they do it all the time. Every time I say it’s like this, I’m watching a movie or a soap opera, and the hookah lights up. So I believe that there is this risk that it is addictive (L26F).</p>
                        <p>(...) I don’t know how to explain it; I think I got used to it (...) Nowadays, I’m going to smoke anytime; it’s an addiction that I can’t stand anymore. But it’s not high (...), but it’s a habit, addiction, all that (T20F).</p>
                        <p>(...) no, there’s no high, I’ve never felt anything myself (...) it’s like playing soccer, practically the same thing, there’s no high, I don’t feel anything (V30M).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>The participants’ reports also showed that the required sharing of the hookah apparatus’s hose could transmit some infectious/contagious diseases by indirect contact between the mouths. Thus, when requested to answer about the use of some preventive method to avoid this, the participants were split equally into two categories: (a) Yes and (b) No. Among those who responded yes, using a mouthpiece (a plastic piece positioned at the tip of the hose to avoid contact between mouths) was the most reported preventive method. A few respondents reported the use of a disposable hose or cleaning the hose with the hand after use by a colleague, or having their own hookah. Whatever the person’s technique of choice, we noticed its use may be inconsistent since some statements showed that they do not use it with family members, friends, or others, only with strangers.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>When we go to a lounge or tobacconist, we rent them; there are disposable hoses for single use. And there is also the mouthpiece, a little thing you put on the tip (of the hose). It is plastic and disposable (E18M).</p>
                        <p>Theoretically, it (the hose) should be individual, but when you’re in a group of friends, it’s kind of embarrassing, you know? It’s awkward to tell your friend; it will look like you’re disgusted. And even though you are really disgusted, you are ashamed to expose this to him (J20F).</p>
                        <p>(...) sharing a hose is the same thing as sharing a cup. I always share glasses with my friends because I know they do not have diseases in the mouth to transmit. I just think you must share with people you know, not get in a place full of strangers and start smoking with them (E18M).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>Most of the statements pointed out that the knowledge of these diseases and/or problems did happen as an assumption based on the observation of an external source (by social media, the internet, and TV, among others), not as through personal experience. But then, external information can also come from observing events that occurred with people from their immediate social environment, such as family, friends, and colleagues, among others.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>(...) the media started to show that hookah could even be more harmful than cigarettes (...). They started reporting oral problems and ulcers (...), and some even reported pulmonary problems resulting from hookah use. I did not investigate in depth (D35M).</p>
                        <p>(...) when I’m walking uphill, being late and having to go fast, I feel tired (...) I am 20 years old; this should not be happening. But I cannot stop smoking; I’m already in a terrible addiction (T20F).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>We asked why, even with the knowledge of health risks, the interviewees continued to use hookah. The perception of control over the use, the reinforcing effects, and the absence of negative health experiences in their lives were the important motivators for its continued use even under these conditions. Recreational reasons (making rings with the smoke), the lack of a controlling authority, and the use seen as a social norm were motivators that were less frequently mentioned among the statements.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>It can even be bad to me, but I don’t see the weight of this harm. For me, it does not weigh as much as the moment of leisure. I do not see the need to give it up because it is not hindering me from doing anything in my life, in my training, in my health, in my friends (G22F).</p>
                        <p>(...) ah, because it’s something I like a lot. If you stop doing everything that brings you risk, you will not live, right? I think being independent is something that I like, and that does me good (R21F).</p>
                        <p>(...) yes, there is no prohibition, no law (...) so, when my parents did not let me smoke, then I smoked away from them, at school, something like that. But now that my parents know and there is no law against it, I smoke until I say it’s enough (J20F).</p>
                        <p>Everyone knows, I know, I’m tired of researching; TV says you look for articles, you look for news. So, I’m fully aware that I’m doing much harm to myself, fully aware, but I’m accepting it because I really like hookah. But I chose this for myself; I know it’s bad and all, so I’m very conscious (P34M).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>Also, it is important to note that some participants showed ignorance or denial about the consequences of using WTS on health, what was reported by only a few statements.</p>
                <p><disp-quote>
                        <p>(...) but there are reports of people who have smoked hookah for 20, 30 years and go for an X-ray, and they have the lung of a person who never smoked in his life. So, I don’t know (E18M).</p>
                        <p>So, with people close to me and me, nothing has ever happened. I don’t know if there are risks or everything because nothing like that ever happened to us (D26M).</p>
                    </disp-quote></p>
                <p>Finally, on the outcomes of the ASSIST-WHO measure of tobacco use, 21 respondents reported they were not involved with cigarette smoking (5 had never tried, and 16 had only tried cigarettes in their lifetime, reporting disliking its taste or smell); only 8 respondents reported some involvement with cigarettes smoking (one occasional smoker; five regular smokers and 2 former users) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>).</p>
                <table-wrap id="t02">
                    <label>Table 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Lifetime tobacco use in manufactured cigarettes and results of the ASSIST scale for risk of tobacco abuse and AUDIT scale for risk of alcohol dependence. São Paulo and ABC, 2019-2020 (n = 29)</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th align="left">Code</th>
                                <th>Tobacco use</th>
                                <th>ASSIST</th>
                                <th>AUDIT</th>
                                <th>Category AUDIT</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">P18MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">P21MU</td>
                                <td>Regular use</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>27 (PD)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">G21MU</td>
                                <td>Never tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>20 (PD)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">V30MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>8 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">T20FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>11 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">R21FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">E23MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>24 (PD)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">G22FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>16 (HU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">E18MU</td>
                                <td>Never tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Y26MU</td>
                                <td>Occasional use of cigarettes</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>10 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">J20FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>10 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">D25FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>3</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">F23MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>10 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">H18MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>14 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">R23MU</td>
                                <td>Regular ex-user</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>18 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">C22MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>11 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">C27FU</td>
                                <td>Regular use</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>13 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">L26FU</td>
                                <td>Never tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">L24FU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>5</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">A22FU</td>
                                <td>Never tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>5</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">A31FE</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>17 (HU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">D26MU</td>
                                <td>Regular use</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">G22MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>10 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">L21MU</td>
                                <td>Regular use</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>0</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">P34MU</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>13 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">R24MU</td>
                                <td>Never tried</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">D35ME</td>
                                <td>Regular ex-user</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>8 (RU)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">J37FE</td>
                                <td>Regular use</td>
                                <td>(+)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">P32ME</td>
                                <td>Just tried</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>(-)</td>
                                <td>5</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>

                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note: (1) ASSIST: Screening test for involvement with cigarettes and other substances: the scale score for tobacco varies as follows: (a) low-risk use (≤ 3 points), moderate-risk use (4-26 ) and high-risk use for tobacco abuse (≥ 27); respondents who scored ≥ 4 were considered positive, that is, participants who had at least moderate risk for developing tobacco abuse; (2) AUDIT: Test to identify problems related to alcohol use, which: (a) low-risk consumption (LRC) (≤ 7 points), (b) risk use (RU) (8-15), (c) harmful use (HU) (16-19) and (d) probable dependence (PD) (≥ 20).</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Among all participants, 23 respondents were already developing an abusive use of tobacco products (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>) (ASSIST-WHO &gt;= 4) at the time of the interview. This means that these participants already had some issues related to tobacco use and needed some intervention. We speculate it may mainly be due to WTS use since most interviewees reported no involvement with cigarette smoking. Seventeen of the interviewees were at least abusing alcohol at the time of the interview accordingly to AUDIT criteria: (a) risky use (<italic>n</italic> = 12), (b) harmful use (<italic>n</italic> = 2) and (c) probable alcohol dependence (<italic>n</italic>= 3). Besides, five of the respondents were abusing marijuana, accordingly, to ASSIST-WHO criteria. Yet, one respondent was abusing inhalants, and a single respondent was abusing four substances (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and inhalants) (data not shown in table).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="discussion">
                <title>Discussion</title>
                <p>In this work, we identified that the profile of WTS users selected from the general population of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and ABC is consistent with the ones previously described, characterizing them as being male, young, highly educated, with formal employment ties, and living predominantly in urban areas, suggesting that this profile crosses cultural and linguistic barriers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>).</p>
                <p>About the central theme of this study, our participants recognized the existence of diseases and/or health issues related to the use of WTS, having mentioned, among them, the occurrence of infectious/contagious, pulmonary, and inflammatory diseases, as well as the occurrence of nonspecific symptoms such as dizziness, and headache, increased blood pressure, among others. We also identified that the knowledge of the occurrence of diseases and/or health problems by the user of WTS was not commonly acquired through personal use or experience but through external sources conveyed by the media, among others.</p>
                <p>In this regard, it is concerning to note that the users are aware of the health risks of using WTS. For instance, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> pointed out that many of their participants recognized the negative health consequences of using WTS and expressed concern about sharing hoses. But other previous studies suggested that even knowing about the health risks, WTS users prefer to continue using it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kotecha et al., 2016</xref>). Previous qualitative research revealed that young people are generally aware of the health consequences of smoking, regardless of its initiation route, but prefer to take the risk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Antin et al., 2020</xref>). It appears that no matter how much they knew about the harmful effects of hookah, it seems insufficient to prevent its use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martins et al., 2014</xref>). Thus, this contradicts previous studies that suggested that the false impression of safety attributed to WTS is due to a lack of appropriate information about its use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Daniels &amp; Roman, 2013</xref>); or that many young people are unaware of or have misconceptions about aspects of tobacco use in hookah recognizing the dangers associated with smoking but rarely associating them with the use of hookah (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Griffiths &amp; Ford, 2014</xref>).</p>
                <p>On the other hand, the effects of WTS on mental health were rarely reported by our participants. Only a few users reported a supposed tobacco abuse due to WTS. In this regard, the most worrisome issue was to identify that almost all the interviewees were making risky use of tobacco products, and most were engaging in the dangerous use of alcohol at the time of the interview. Risky use of marijuana or inhalants was also identified.</p>
                <p>So, the question is: why do WTS users deny that knowledge and continue using WTS despite its consequences on health? <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis and Talhout (2020)</xref> suggested that the continued use of WTS may be a matter of hookah-related attractiveness. These authors reported that flavor is the main reason for deciding the use of WTS, besides nicotine content, price, and its socializing aspect. Also, in a study designed to evaluate the preferences of young adults concerning potential individual-level determinants of WTS, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> pointed out that flavor accounted for 81.4% of waterpipe smoking decisions. Participating in games was also an important reason for going on WTS use, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salles et al. (2021)</xref>. Besides WTS characteristics, we believe the decision to continue its use may be due to individual issues. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> suggested that personal issues such as having a positive attitude on WTS toward social-psychological needs and low perceived risk are among the reasons given for consuming WTS. We identified some of these reasons in our study. The lack of personal experience with health issues due to WTS seems to be an important motivator for the user to minimize the risks associated with its use, strengthening positive attitudes toward it. The issue of putting pleasure before the dangers of use, the perception of knowing how to control its use and/or its consequences, and the inconsistent use of preventive strategies to reduce the risk of infectious/contagious diseases’ transmission (despite knowing that) portray altogether the low perceived risk of harm on health by smoking tobacco in a hookah. Also, most of the participants having a risky use of tobacco and/or alcohol and/or other drug use suggest that they are unaware of the harmful effects of WTS use.</p>
                <p>Then, education campaigns about WTS hookah are always necessary, especially to increase awareness about the harmfulness of WTS on mental health. Still, the way out seems to be the change in users’ behavior. Environmental changes are necessary for controlling users’ attitudes and behaviors. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> suggested that the ease of access and the lack of laws influence decisions to smoke a hookah. The insufficient regulations for lounges and WTS labelling and no policy for regularizing flavoring agents and charcoal used in hookahs also seem to be reasons to encourage hookah use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti &amp; Mukherjee, 2019</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jeihooni et al. (2018)</xref> recommended that experts and officials focus on changing attitudes towards WTS, strengthening control behaviors, enhancing efficacy in preventing WTS, and coping with temptation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Dadipoor et al. (2019)</xref> recommended that specific policies should be formulated against WTS, such as forbidding WTS in closed spaces, increasing prices, and restricting direct and indirect advertisements by mass media, the display of warnings on hookahs like those on cigarettes, among others. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kienhuis and Talhout (2020)</xref> advised including nontobacco products with or without nicotine in tobacco product regulations and smoking bans, banning the use of flavorings at any level in tobacco molasses, prescribing testing to regulate contents of waterpipe products and heating sources, encouraging research on emissions of waterpipes, prescribing warnings placed on the waterpipe device, on the menu, or the entrance of the WPS lounge, among others. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salloum et al. (2019)</xref> also suggested that limiting the use of WTS by higher pricing may effectively curb the demand for WTS among young adults. It seems that changing the environmental factors through policy changes would have the most benefit with little individual differences. In Brazil, it is worth mentioning that the measures taken to reduce smoking conventional cigarettes over the years can serve as an example of reducing or controlling WTS use. The Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva pointed out that the prevalence of smoking among adults aged 18 years or older was reduced from 34.8% to 18.2% from 1986 to 2008, reaching 12.8% in 2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ministério da Saúde, 2012</xref>). This policy to control cigarette use includes a ban on other smoking products, but it is unclear to what extent the legislation directly references WTS. Added to that, there is a possible poor inspection of the points of sale and consumption of WTS, which gives the impression of the absence of a control policy, as pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pratiti and Mukherjee (2019)</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>Conclusion</title>
                <p>We understand that our results cannot be generalized to the entire population of WTS users. In conclusion, we believe that they can be a guide for the development of prevention strategies for young people who use (or do not yet use) WTS. Also, the results may assist in implementing policies already adopted for cigarette use. Finally, we hope that the results of our study will foster the development of new research.</p>
            </sec>
        </body>
        <back>
            <fn-group>
                <fn fn-type="other">
                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Salles, T. V., Andrade, A. G., &amp; Oliveira, L. G. (2023). Young people continue to use hookah despite knowledge of possible health risks <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e230009. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e230009en</ext-link></p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p><italic>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Auxílio FAPESP n° 2019/06030-5).</p>
                </fn>
            </fn-group>
        </back>
    </sub-article>
</article>
