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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">estpsi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Estud. psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">0103-166X</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1982-0275</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">02204</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>RELATO DE PESQUISA - Avaliação Psicológica</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Tradução e adaptação cultural da <italic>COVID-19</italic> Anxiety Scale no Brasil</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6471-9511</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ferreira</surname>
                        <given-names>Layana Giselly Silva</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>concepção e desenho</role>
                    <role>coleta de dados</role>
                    <role>análise</role>
                    <role>discussão dos resultados</role>
                    <role>revisão</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1764-397X</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pellegrini</surname>
                        <given-names>Andrea Regina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1572-5322</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Santos</surname>
                        <given-names>Diana Gabriela Mendes dos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8569-3392</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Carvalho</surname>
                        <given-names>Dayara de Nazaré Rosa de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5714-6890</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Orlandi</surname>
                        <given-names>Fabiana de Souza</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>concepção e desenho</role>
                    <role>orientação, análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Carlos</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">São Carlos</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Carlos</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Gerontologia</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">São Carlos</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Gerontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editora responsável</label>
                    <p>Tatiana de Cássia Nakano</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflito de interesses</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c01">Correspondência para: F. S. ORLANDI. E-mail: <email>forlandi@ufscar.br</email>.</corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <elocation-id>e220017</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>14</day>
                    <month>02</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>02</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>28</day>
                    <month>09</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>Este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> para o contexto brasileiro.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Método</title>
                    <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal e metodológico, que seguiu as seguintes etapas: tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>Inicialmente dois tradutores fizeram uma primeira tradução da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> para o português. Depois, estabeleceu-se a versão consensual, que foi retrotraduzida para o idioma inglês por outro tradutor. Posteriormente, as versões da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> foram revistas por oito especialistas. Após a análise, dois dos sete itens da escala foram modificados, obtendo--se a versão pré-final da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic>. Por fim, essa última versão do instrumento foi pré-testada com 47 pessoas, que consideraram a escala clara e compreensível.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>Conclui-se, portanto, que a <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> foi adequadamente traduzida e adaptada para o contexto brasileiro e almeja-se dar seguimento à pesquisa para verificar evidências de validade da escala.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Ansiedade</kwd>
                <kwd>Coronavírus</kwd>
                <kwd>Estudos de validação</kwd>
                <kwd>Saúde mental</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
                    <award-id>88887508031/2020-001</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
                    <award-id>2020.12915-7</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Process nº 88887508031/2020-001) and <italic>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Process nº 2020.12915-7).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
            <counts>
                <fig-count count="2"/>
                <table-count count="6"/>
                <equation-count count="0"/>
                <ref-count count="34"/>
            </counts>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <p>Em dezembro de 2019, um surto de pneumonia causada por um β-coronavírus recém-identificado ocorreu em Wuhan, distrito de Hubei, China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Guo et al., 2020</xref>). No início de março de 2020, com a alta disseminação em nível global, a velocidade de contágio e do aumento do número de mortes pela doença fez com que a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarasse a pandemia da doença causada pelo Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">World Health Organization, 2020a</xref>).</p>
        <p>No dia 19 de dezembro de 2022, o número de casos confirmados mundialmente era de 649.038.437, incluindo 6.645.812 mortes. Nessa mesma data o Brasil contava com 35.751.411 casos confirmados e 691.449 óbitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">World Health Organization, 2020b</xref>). Com alta transmissibilidade, crescimento vertiginoso do número de casos e gravidade clínica, é impossível desconsiderar seus efeitos psicológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Silva, Santos, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos relatam que no curto período em que a pandemia se expandiu, ocorreu um aumento da prevalência de Transtornos Mentais Comuns, principalmente agressividade, estresse, depressão, ansiedade e episódios de pânico, não apenas nos profissionais da saúde, mas na população de modo geral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cruz et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Vindegaard &amp; Benros, 2020</xref>).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Campos et al. (2020)</xref> realizaram um estudo com 12.196 adultos brasileiros com o objetivo de avaliar a saúde mental da população brasileira durante a pandemia da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) e sua relação com as características demográficas e de saúde. Foi encontrada alta prevalência de depressão (61,3 %), ansiedade (44,2 %), estresse (50,8 %) e impacto psicológico (54,9 %) devido ao isolamento vivenciado em decorrência da pandemia. Os autores ainda relatam que as pessoas do sexo feminino, com menor nível econômico e educacional estavam mais predispostas a desenvolver sintomas psicológicos.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alzueta et al. (2021)</xref> examinaram os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental de adultos na população geral de cinco regiões globais. Participaram do estudo 6.882 pessoas de 59 países; a faixa etária dos participantes variou de 18 a 94 anos, com maior prevalência de mulheres (78,8 %). Em relação aos resultados, a maioria da amostra apresentou níveis baixos ou leves de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade durante a pandemia, enquanto uma proporção significativa dos entrevistados relatou sintomas moderados a graves de depressão (25,4 %) e ansiedade (19,5 %). O estudo também evidenciou, entre os fatores demográficos, que pessoas mais jovens, que não tinham parceiro e que moravam em um país de alta renda estavam mais predispostas a níveis mais elevados de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade durante a pandemia.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, confirma-se a identificação de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse frente à pandemia de COVID-19 na população geral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Wang et al., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Barros et al. (2021)</xref> salientam que é essencial o rastreio de doenças mentais comuns, como ansiedade, em populações de risco.</p>
        <p>No mundo há recentes publicações de escalas de mensuração da ansiedade relacionadas à COVID-19, com evidências de confiabilidade e validade e alta aplicabilidade para o contexto atual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bernardo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Riad et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref> construíram e validaram a <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> no Brasil baseada na definição do DSM-5 (<italic>Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult Scale</italic>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Broche-Pérez et al. (2020)</xref> realizaram a adaptação da <italic>Coronavirus Anxiety Scale</italic> (versão cubana), que foi desenvolvia e validada em inglês por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref> realizaram a validação transcultural da <italic>Coronavirus Anxiety Scale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>) em 12 países da América Latina. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref> indicaram, no transcorrer do estudo, outras medidas que foram desenvolvidas além da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>), sendo elas: a <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale</italic> (C-19ASS), construída nos Estados Unidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nikčević and Spada (2020)</xref>; o <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnarie</italic> (C-19-A), construído na Alemanha por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al. (2020)</xref>; a <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> (CAS), desenvolvida no Brasil por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref>, e outra desenvolvida na Índia por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>.</p>
        <p>Frente ao exposto, torna-se notória a importância de disponibilizar instrumentos de avaliação de aspectos relacionados à ansiedade no contexto da COVID-19 para aplicação no Brasil, especialmente para que os profissionais de saúde sejam capazes de fazer um rápido rastreio e também para o acompanhamento assistencial.</p>
        <p>É importante que a equipe multiprofissional tenha à disposição diferentes escalas, com evidências de validade e confiabilidade para sua cultura, para o rastreio precoce de transtornos mentais relacionados à COVID-19, como os instrumentos específicos de avaliação de ansiedade.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, almejou-se no presente estudo realizar o processo de tradução e adaptação da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> (CAS), que foi desenvolvida na Índia por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>. Ela possui apenas sete itens e contempla dois domínios. Os autores verificaram que a CAS, após as análises das propriedades psicométricas, evidenciou satisfatória validade de face e de conteúdo, consistência interna e validade estrutural. </p>
        <p>A <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> desenvolvida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> aborda o “medo de interação social” e a “ansiedade sobre a doença”, e tem como vantagens ser um instrumento breve e rapidamente administrável o que a difere da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> construída por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref>, que inclui os sintomas relacionados ao Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada.</p>
        <p>Vale salientar que a CAS ainda não foi adaptada e validada para uso em outros países. A disponibilização dessa medida pode ajudar profissionais da saúde a reconhecerem os impactos psicológicos que a COVID-19 ocasionou e a desenvolverem intervenções psicológicas para ajudar pessoas com ansiedade disfuncional causada pela pandemia. Por isso a importância e escolha desse instrumento. Frente ao exposto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a CAS para o contexto brasileiro.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Método</title>
            <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal e metodológico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Polit et al., 2004</xref>), que seguiu as etapas propostas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2020)</xref> para realização do processo de tradução e adaptação da CAS no Brasil. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Carlos sob parecer nº 4.536.845.</p>
            <p>As cinco etapas realizadas no transcorrer da pesquisa estão ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
            <fig id="f01">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Etapas de tradução e adaptação cultural da COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-estpsi-40-e220017-gf01.tif"/>
            </fig>
            <p>Etapa 1 – Tradução inicial: a CAS foi encaminhada para tradução inicial do inglês (versão original) para o português brasileiro, que foi feita por dois tradutores independentes e qualificados, com fluência em ambos os idiomas e experiência na tradução de textos científicos da área da saúde.</p>
            <p>Etapa 2 – Síntese das traduções: os dois tradutores e os pesquisadores realizaram uma síntese dos resultados das traduções com o intuito de verificar possíveis divergências e identificar os itens que mais se aproximavam e que apresentavam o melhor significado na língua portuguesa.</p>
            <p>Etapa 3 – Retrotradução: um terceiro tradutor, que desconhecia a finalidade do estudo e que tinha o inglês como língua materna, traduziu a versão consensual da CAS, vertendo a escala do português brasileiro para a língua inglesa (idioma original).</p>
            <p>Etapa 4 – Revisão por um comitê de especialistas: constituído por oito especialistas, com formação em diferentes áreas (Gerontologia, Enfermagem, Fisioterapia, Psicologia e Letras). Esses especialistas foram convidados por e-mail, tendo sido informados sobre os objetivos da escala e a quantidade de itens propostos. Após o aceite, foi encaminhado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e o questionário on-line para avaliação da escala. Os especialistas revisaram as sínteses das traduções e analisaram quatro tipos de equivalência: (1) equivalência semântica, (2) equivalência idiomática, (3), equivalência experimental e (4) equivalência conceitual. Além disso, foi analisado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e as sugestões feitas pelos especialistas, e, após essa análise, algumas palavras foram modificadas para melhor compreensão e adequação da escala para o contexto brasileiro.</p>
            <p>Etapa 5 – Pré-teste: a escala foi submetida a uma amostra de 47 pessoas para ser avaliada quanto à clareza, compreensão e relevância dos itens. Os participantes da pesquisa foram convidados através da divulgação nas mídias sociais e e-mail, e os voluntários que possuíam critério de elegibilidade (ter idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, possuir grau mínimo de instrução para leitura e acesso à internet) eram convidados para participar da pesquisa. Aos que aceitassem participar, era fornecido o link do formulário de coleta de dados, que inicialmente tinha o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido para a coleta de dados on-line e, se o indivíduo selecionasse o item “Li e concordo em participar da pesquisa”, já abriam-se os instrumentos de coleta de dados – instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica e condições de saúde (nome, idade, telefone, data de nascimento, sexo, etnia, estado civil, escolaridade, renda familiar, ocupação, religião e prática da crença religiosa, número de pessoas que moram no mesmo domicílio que o participante, número de doenças associadas e medicamentos em uso, uso de bebida alcoólica e uso de cigarro), a versão pré-final da CAS e algumas questões referentes à clareza, compreensão e relevância dos itens para que os participantes preenchessem em relação aos itens da CAS. Caso o indivíduo não concordasse em participar da pesquisa, bastava fechar a página do navegador.</p>
            <p>A CAS foi desenvolvida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> e avalia a ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19. É um instrumento de uso livre composto por sete itens em uma escala semântica, com variação de 4 quatro pontos, que mede o medo de interação social e a ansiedade sobre a doença. A pontuação da CAS varia de 7 a 28 pontos, sendo que pontuações &lt; 13 são consideradas baixa ansiedade e pontuações &gt; 21 são consideradas alta ansiedade. Portanto, quanto maior a pontuação, maior o nível de ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19.</p>
            <p>Os autores da CAS autorizaram a realização do processo de tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento para o contexto brasileiro.</p>
            <p>No pré-teste, além do preenchimento dos itens da versão brasileira pré-final da CAS, os participantes eram questionados sobre a clareza, compreensão e relevância dos itens da escala e podiam indicar sugestões.</p>
            <p>Em relação às análises estatísticas, incialmente os dados foram digitados em uma planilha do programa Excel for Windows 7 TM e transportados para o programa IBM<sup>®</sup>SPSS<sup>®</sup> (versão 22.0) para a realização de análise descritiva, com confecção de tabelas de frequência, medidas de posição (média, mediana, mínima e máxima) e dispersão (desvio-padrão).</p>
            <p>Também foi analisado o IVC, que indica o grau de equivalência entre as versões da CAS através de escala tipo Likert, com quatro opções de resposta: 1 = não equivalente; 2 = pouco equivalente; 3 = equivalente e 4 = muito equivalente. Para a análise do IVC foi utilizado o critério proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lynn (1986)</xref>, que preconiza que para seis ou mais juízes o valor esperado é IVC ≥ 0,78.</p>
            <p>Também foi calculado o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para análise da consistência interna da versão brasileira final da CAS. Valores ≥ 0,70 foram considerados satisfatórios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Terwee et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
            <title>Resultados</title>
            <p>Conforme as etapas preconizadas na literatura por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2000)</xref>, a CAS foi inicialmente traduzida e, logo após, foi realizada a síntese das traduções e a retrotradução (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t01">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Instrumento original e síntese das traduções da COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th align="left">Itens do Instrumento Original em inglês</th>
                            <th>Tradução 1</th>
                            <th>Tradução 2</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td><italic>Please rate your perceptions on the following questions. Select the circle that closely reflects your perception.</italic></td>
                            <td>Por favor avalie suas percepções das seguintes perguntas. Marque o círculo que reflete fielmente sua percepção.</td>
                            <td>Por favor, avalie suas percepções nas seguin-tes questões. Selecione o círculo que mais fielmente reflete suas percepções.</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>1. <italic>How afraid are you of acquiring COVID-19 when going into the public?</italic><break/><italic>Extremely afraid - Not at all afraid</italic></td>
                            <td>1. Quanto receia ser contaminado pela COVID-19 ao se deslocar em público?<break/>Extremamente receoso – Nada receoso</td>
                            <td>1. Quão temeroso(a) você fica de adquirir o COVID-19 quando sai em público?<break/>Muito temeroso - Nem um pouco</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>2. <italic>How frequently are you feeling worried that you have acquired Covid-19?</italic><break/><italic>Always - Never</italic></td>
                            <td>2..Com que frequência você está preocupado achando que foi contaminado pela COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>2. Quão frequentemente você se sente preocu-pado de ter adquirido o COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>3. <italic>How Frequently is your sleep getting affected because of thoughts relating to COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Always - Never</italic></td>
                            <td>3..Com que frequência seu sono está sendo influenciado por pensamentos relacionados à COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>3. Quão frequentemente seu sono é afetado por conta de pensamentos relacionados ao COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>4. <italic>How frequently are you avoiding conversations on COVID-19 related information out of fear/anxiety?</italic><break/><italic>Always - Never</italic></td>
                            <td>4. Com que frequência está evitando conversas sobre informações relacionadas à COVID-19 devido ao medo/à ansiedade?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>4. Quão frequentemente você evita conversas sobre informação relacionada ao COVID-19 por medo ou ansiedade?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>5. <italic>How worried are you of acquiring COVID-19 when an unknown person is cominh closer to you?</italic><break/><italic>Extremely worried - Not at all anxious</italic></td>
                            <td>5. Quanto está preocupado com a contaminação pela COVID-19 quando um desconhecido se aproxime de você?<break/>Extremamente preocupado - Nada preocupado</td>
                            <td>5. Quão preocupado(a) você fica de adquirir o COVID-19 quando pessoas desconhecidas chegam perto de você?<break/>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nem um pouco preocupado(a)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>6..<italic>How anxious are you getting When knowing information on COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremely anxious - Not at all anxious</italic></td>
                            <td>6. Quanto fique ansioso ao receber informações sobre a COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente ansioso - Nada ansioso</td>
                            <td>6. Quão ansioso você fica ao saber sobre infor-mação relacionada ao COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente ansioso(a) - Nem um pouco ansioso(a)</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="left" valign="top">
                            <td>7. <italic>How concerned are you When people cough or sneeze because of the fear that you may acquire COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremely concerned - Not at all concerned</italic></td>
                            <td>7. Quanto está preocupado quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra devido ao medo de ser contami-nado pela COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente preocupado - Nada preocupado</td>
                            <td>7. Quão preocupado(a) você fica quando pessoas tossem ou espirram por medo de que possa adquirir o COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nem um pouco preocupado(a)</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Um comitê composto por oito especialistas (duas gerontólogas, duas enfermeiras, duas psicólogas, uma fisioterapeuta e uma formada em letras) analisou as versões da CAS. Dos oito especialistas, dois possuíam pós-doutorado, dois possuíam doutorado, dois eram doutorandos, um mestrando e outro com especialização em tradução. Além disso, dois dos juízes citados eram professores universitários. Vale informar ainda que os membros do comitê de especialistas possuíam experiências prévias com o processo de tradução e validação de escalas, inclusive com participação em projetos multicêntricos.</p>
            <p>Para cada item da escala analisado pelos juízes, foi calculado o IVC. Dos sete itens que compunham a CAS, cinco apresentaram valores de IVC = 1, sendo esses considerados equivalentes e mantidos na versão pré-final do instrumento. Os outros dois itens foram reanalisados e modificados pelas pesquisadoras de acordo com a sugestão dos especialistas, como conforme verifica-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t02">
                <label>Tabela 2</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Versão consensual da COVID-19 Anxiety Scale e versão pré final</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th align="left">Versão consensual</th>
                            <th>Versão pré-final</th>
                            <th>IVC</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">Por favor avalie suas percepções das seguintes perguntas. Marque o círculo que reflete fielmente sua percepção.</td>
                            <td align="left">Por favor, avalie as perguntas a seguir e marque um X na resposta que melhor reflete sua percepção.</td>
                            <td>0,87</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">1. Você tem receio de adquirir a COVID-19 quando sai em público?<break/>Extremamente receoso(a) - Nada receoso(a)</td>
                            <td align="left">1. Você tem medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19 quando sai em público?<break/>Muito medo - Nenhum medo</td>
                            <td>0,87</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">2. Com que frequência você se sente preocupado de ter adquirido o COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td align="left">2. Com que frequência você se sente preocupado de ser contaminado pela COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">3. Com que frequência seu sono é afetado por conta de pensamentos relacionados ao COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td align="left">3. Com que frequência seu sono é afetado por conta de pensamentos relacionados à COVID-19?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">4. Com que frequência está evitando conversas sobre informações relacionadas à COVID-19 devido ao medo ou ansiedade?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td align="left">4. Com que frequência você evita conversas sobre informações rela-cionadas à COVID-19 devido ao medo ou ansiedade?<break/>Sempre - Nunca</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">5. O Quanto você está preocupado(a) de adquirir a COVID-19 quando pessoas desconhecidas chegam perto de você?<break/>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nada preocupado(a)</td>
                            <td align="left">5..O quanto você está preocupado(a) de se contaminar pela COVID-19 quando pessoas desconhecidas chegam perto de você?<break/>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nada preocupado(a)</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">6. O Quanto você fica ansioso(a) ao saber sobre informações rela-cionadas ao COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente ansioso(a) - Nada ansioso(a)</td>
                            <td align="left">6. O quanto você fica ansioso(a) ao receber informações relacionadas à COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente ansioso(a) - Nada ansioso(a)</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center" valign="top">
                            <td align="left">7. O Quanto você fica preocupado(a) quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra devido ao medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nada preocupado(a)</td>
                            <td align="left">7. O quanto você fica ansioso(a) ao receber informações relacionadas à COVID-19?<break/>Extremamente ansioso(a) - Nada ansioso(a)</td>
                            <td>0,87</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota: IVC: Índice de Validade de Conteúdo.</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>No item 1 a palavra “receio” foi substituída por “medo” e alterou-se “adquirir a COVID-19” por “ser contaminado pela COVID-19”. Então o item (1) “Você tem receio de adquirir a COVID-19 quando sai em público?” foi substituído por “Você tem medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19 quando sai em público?”;</p>
            <p>Já no item 7 ocorreu a inversão da ordem das palavras, modificando-se “O quanto você fica preocupado(a) quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra devido ao medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19?” para “O quanto você fica preocupado(a) de ser contaminado pela COVID-19 quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra?” (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). Constituiu-se assim a versão pré-final da CAS.</p>
            <p>No pré-teste, essa versão pré-final foi avaliada por 47 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino (63,8%), parda (48,9%), católicos (42,4%) e praticantes de alguma religião (55,35%), com média de idade e de escolaridade de 33,53 (± 13,05) e de 10,76 (± 5,15) anos, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). Os participantes dessa etapa consideraram a escala clara e compreensível, uma vez que não houve sugestões de modificações dos itens do instrumento, estabelecendo-se assim a versão brasileira final adaptada da CAS.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t03">
                <label>Tabela 3</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Características sociodemográficas e condições de saúde da população</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th colspan="2" align="left">Categoria</th>
                            <th><italic>n</italic></th>
                            <th>%</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Sexo</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                            <td>30</td>
                            <td>63,6</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                            <td>17</td>
                            <td>36,2</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Raça</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Branco(a)</td>
                            <td>16</td>
                            <td>34,0</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Preto(a)</td>
                            <td>7</td>
                            <td>14,9</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Pardo(a)</td>
                            <td>23</td>
                            <td>48,9</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Outros</td>
                            <td>1</td>
                            <td> 2,1</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Estado civil</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Solteiro(a)</td>
                            <td>26</td>
                            <td>55,3</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Casado(a)</td>
                            <td>14</td>
                            <td>29,0</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">União estável</td>
                            <td>5</td>
                            <td>10,6</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Divorciado(a)</td>
                            <td>2</td>
                            <td> 4,3</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Religião</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Católico(a)</td>
                            <td>20</td>
                            <td>42,4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Evangélico(a)</td>
                            <td>4</td>
                            <td> 8,4</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Outros</td>
                            <td>23</td>
                            <td>49,2</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Praticante</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sim</td>
                            <td>26</td>
                            <td>55,3</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Não</td>
                            <td>21</td>
                            <td>44,7</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Ainda no pré-teste da escala, os 47 participantes preencheram o instrumento para avaliação do nível de ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19, tendo sido obtido o escore médio de 16,06 (± 4,43), com a pontuação variando de 8,0 a 25,0 pontos. 51,1% (<italic>n</italic> = 24) dos respondentes do pré-teste apresentavam ansiedade relacionada ao coronavírus. Além disso, a consistência interna da versão final da CAS foi satisfatória, já que o valor de alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,798.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
            <title>Discussão</title>
            <p>Este estudo realizou a tradução e a adaptação cultural da CAS para uso no Brasil, conforme as recomendações e etapas metodológicas propostas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2000)</xref>. O processo de tradução e adaptação de um instrumento para outra linguagem é uma metodologia complexa. Às vezes, uma simples tradução pode não ser realizada devido às diferenças culturais e de linguagem. Deve-se levar em consideração o idioma, o contexto cultural e o estilo de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Alexandre &amp; Coluci, 2011</xref>). Os especialistas tornam-se indispensáveis durante o processo de tradução e adaptação dos instrumentos e esse comitê deve assegurar que a versão final seja totalmente compreensível para avaliar a sua equivalência cultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Alexandre &amp; Coluci, 2011</xref>).</p>
            <p>Na presente pesquisa, os especialistas analisaram cuidadosamente todos os itens da CAS, verificando a necessidade de adequações de dois itens da escala. Sabe-se que a revisão por um comitê de especialistas é essencial para análise das traduções, e eles têm o papel de tomar decisões críticas e de modificar palavras que sejam usuais na cultura e na linguística, que apresentam particularidades, já que os países têm características socioeconômicas e etnias diferente – como é o caso da população brasileira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Santos et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
            <p>A versão brasileira adaptada da CAS possui equivalência à escala original inglesa desenvolvida na Índia por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>, inclusive apresentou todos os IVC com valores ≥ 0,87, indicando validade de conteúdo satisfatória. Além disso, os 47 participantes do pré-teste consideraram todos os itens da escala claros e compreensíveis, não sugerindo modificações.</p>
            <p>Os participantes do pré-teste eram, em sua maioria, mulheres (63,8%), de raça parda (48,9%), solteiros (55,3%), católicos (42,4%) e praticantes de alguma religião (55,3%). A média de idade dos respondentes foi de 33,53 anos (± 13,05) e a escolaridade média, de 10,76 anos (± 5,15), variando de 2 a 17 anos ou mais no item escolaridade. Características semelhantes foram encontradas no perfil dos participantes do estudo desenvolvido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bernardo et al. (2020)</xref> para construção da CPAS-11 nas Filipinas a partir de uma busca sistemática por escalas de ansiedade já existentes. Participaram da pesquisa 925 pessoas, com predomínio de mulheres (71,14%), com média de idade de 35,26 anos. Além disso, a maioria era solteira (58,27%) e trabalhava (60,86%). Os autores indicaram que a CPAS-11 evidenciou boa consistência interna e validade, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente e confiável para a pesquisa e a pratica clínica.</p>
            <p>Outra pesquisa que apresentou características sociodemográficas semelhantes às do presente estudo foi a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Padovan-Neto (2021)</xref>, realizada no Brasil, cujo objetivo era examinar as propriedades psicométricas de uma adaptação brasileira da <italic>Coronavirus Anxiety Scale</italic> (CAS-BR), que foi originalmente desenvolvida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>. Os autores indicam que criaram uma versão adaptada da CAS-BR utilizando um processo de tradução padrão e posteriormente realizaram a coleta de dados on-line, da qual participaram 505 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (60,39%), com média de idade de 32 anos, branca (76,6%), casada (39,4%), seguidas de solteiras (38,4%) e com ensino superior (68,9%). A CAS-BR evidenciou boa consistência interna e validade para avaliação da ansiedade causada pelo coronavírus.</p>
            <p>No presente estudo também observou-se consistência interna satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach de 0,798) da versão brasileira adaptada da CAS desenvolvida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>, que foi respondida por 47 participantes no pré-teste, sendo inclusive similar ao resultado obtido pelos autores do instrumento na etapa de análise das propriedades psicométricas da escala (alfa de Cronbach de 0,730). Vale salientar que até o momento não foram encontrados outros estudos que realizaram a adaptação e/ou validação dessa escala para outras culturas.</p>
            <p>Outras escalas de avaliação da ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19 também obtiveram consistência interna satisfatória, como no estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref>, que validou transculturalmente a <italic>Coronavírus Anxiety Scale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>) em 12 países da América Latina com a avaliação de 5.196 pessoas, tendo sido verificada boa consistência interna, com coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach ≥ 0,78. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al. (2020)</xref> desenvolveram uma pesquisa com 6.262 participantes para construção e validação do <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnarie</italic> na Alemanha e também verificaram uma consistência interna satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach 0,860).</p>
            <p>Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020) também obtiveram consistência interna satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach de 0,890) nas análises psicométricas da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> desenvolvida no Brasil, e Isik et al. (2022) também relataram boa consistência interna da versão turca da <italic>Coronavirus Anxiety Scale</italic>, desenvolvida originalmente por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>, que foi aplicada em 720 pessoas e obteve coeficiente de alfa Cronbach de 0,864.</p>
            <p>É importante salientar que, apesar da boa consistência interna na etapa do pré-teste, a versão brasileira adaptada da CAS será aplicada em uma amostra maior, com vista a analisar várias propriedades psicométricas da referida escala, incluindo a confiabilidade por meio da consistência interna e da estabilidade teste-reteste.</p>
            <p>Em relação ao nível de ansiedade dos participantes do pré-teste, também avaliado na presente pesquisa, obteve-se o escore médio de 16,06 (± 4,43) na versão brasileira adaptada da CAS. O estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> verificou uma pontuação média similar na CAS (16,93 ± 3,71), assemelhando-se aos achados do presente estudo na etapa do pré-teste. Tem-se que 51,1 % dos entrevistados no pré-teste do presente estudo apresentavam ansiedade relacionada ao coronavírus. No estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Sahu et al. (2021)</xref>, realizado na Índia, a prevalência foi de 20,4%.</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref> citam estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pappa et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Wu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Xiong et al., 2020</xref>) que indicam que a prevalência mundial de ansiedade associada à COVID-19 varia de 6,33 % a 50,9 % e, especificamente na América Latina, essa diferença foi de 5,61 % a 81,90 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alzueta et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goularte et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Krüger-Malpartida et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Orellana &amp; Orellana, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Paz et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Nesse contexto, verifica-se o quanto o rastreio precoce e o desenvolvimento de intervenções com vistas à redução do nível de ansiedade das pessoas na pandemia de COVID-19 são importantes. É importante ter escalas com evidências de confiabilidade e validade disponíveis para uso em diferentes culturas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref> salientam que é extremamente necessário desenvolver instrumentos psicológicos válidos e confiáveis para verificar como os indivíduos estão reagindo a essa situação pandêmica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Santos, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Sendo assim, é importante destacar que o presente estudo desenvolveu com bastante rigor todas as etapas previstas no método e alcançou o objetivo proposto. Como limitações do estudo, tem-se a seleção da amostra por conveniência e também a dificuldade na coleta de dados, visto que foi um grande desafio, em decorrência do isolamento social, coletar dados do pré-teste de forma on-line por meio de autoavaliação.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Conclusão</title>
            <p>Com base nos objetivos propostos e resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a versão brasileira da <italic>COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</italic> está traduzida e adaptada para o contexto brasileiro. Para estudos futuros, as pesquisadoras estão desenvolvendo a etapa de análises das propriedades psicométricas, a fim de poder disponibilizar a escala para amplo uso no Brasil e, assim, contribuir para a instrumentalização dos profissionais de saúde no rastreio de ansiedade associadas à COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p><bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Ferreira, L. G. S., Pellegrini, A. R., Santos, D. G. M., Carvalho, D. N. R., &amp; Orlandi, F. S. (2023). Tradução e adaptação cultural da COVID-19 Anxiety Scale no Brasil. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e220017. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Support</label>
                <p><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Process nº 88887508031/2020-001) and <italic>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Process nº 2020.12915-7).</p>
            </fn>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>RESEARCH REPORT - Psychological Assessment</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Translation and cultural adaptation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Brazil</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6471-9511</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ferreira</surname>
                        <given-names>Layana Giselly Silva</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>conception and design</role>
                    <role>data collection and analysis</role>
                    <role>discussion of results</role>
                    <role>article review</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1764-397X</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pellegrini</surname>
                        <given-names>Andrea Regina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1572-5322</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Santos</surname>
                        <given-names>Diana Gabriela Mendes dos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8569-3392</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Carvalho</surname>
                        <given-names>Dayara de Nazaré Rosa de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5714-6890</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Orlandi</surname>
                        <given-names>Fabiana de Souza</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role>conception and design</role>
                    <role>guidance</role>
                    <role>data analysis and interpretation</role>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff03">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff04">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Gerontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Tatiana de Cássia Nakano</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c02">Correspondence to: F. S. ORLANDI. E-mail: <email>forlandi@ufscar.br</email>.</corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for the Brazilian context.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Method</title>
                    <p>Cross-sectional and methodological study that encompassed the following stages: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>The COVID-19 Anxiety Scale was initially translated into Portuguese by two translators. A consensus version was established and then back-translated into English by a different translator. Eight experts reviewed these versions, resulting in modifications to two of the seven scale items. This led to the creation of the pre-final version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. Finally, the pre-testing of this version was conducted with 47 individuals, who found the scale to be clear and understandable.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>In conclusion, the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale was adequately translated and culturally adapted for the Brazilian context, and further research is intended to verify evidence of the scale’s validity.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
                <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
                <kwd>Mental health</kwd>
                <kwd>Validation studies</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
                    <award-id>88887508031/2020-001</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
                    <award-id>2020.12915-7</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Process nº 88887508031/2020-001) and <italic>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Process nº 2020.12915-7).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <p>In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a newly identified β-coronavirus occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province, China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Guo et al., 2020</xref>). In early March 2020, with high global spread and the rapid increase in the number of deaths from the disease, the World Health Organization declared the pandemic of the disease caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">World Health Organization, 2020a</xref>).</p>
            <p>On December 19, 2022, there were 649,038,437 confirmed cases worldwide, including 6,645,812 deaths. On the same date, Brazil had 35,751,411 confirmed cases and 691,449 deaths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">World Health Organization, 2020b</xref>). Given such high transmissibility, dramatic increase in the number of cases, and clinical severity, it is impossible to disregard its psychological effects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Santos, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Some studies report that in the short period during which the pandemic spread, there was an increase in the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders, especially aggression, stress, depression, anxiety, and panic episodes, not only among healthcare professionals but in the general population as well (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cruz et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Vindegaard &amp; Benros, 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Campos et al. (2020)</xref> conducted a study with 12,196 Brazilian adults to assess the mental health of the Brazilian population during the pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its relationship with demographic and health characteristics. They found a high prevalence of depression (61.3%), anxiety (44.2%), stress (50.8%), and psychological impact (54.9%) due to the isolation experienced during the pandemic. The authors also reported that females with lower economic and educational levels were more predisposed to developing psychological symptoms.</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alzueta et al. (2021)</xref> examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adults in the general population across five global regions. The study included 6,882 participants across 59 countries, ranging in age from 18 to 94 years, with a higher prevalence of women (78.8%). Regarding the results, most of the sample presented low or mild symptoms of depression and anxiety during the pandemic, while a significant proportion of respondents reported moderate to severe symptoms of depression (25.4%) and anxiety (19.5%). The study also revealed, among demographic factors, that younger individuals who were without a partner and resided in high-income countries were more predisposed to higher levels of depression and anxiety during the pandemic.</p>
            <p>In this context, the identification of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population is confirmed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Wang et al., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Barros et al. (2021)</xref> emphasize the importance of screening for common mental disorders, such as anxiety, in at-risk populations.</p>
            <p>Recent publications worldwide have introduced anxiety measurement scales related to COVID-19, with evidence of reliability and validity and high applicability for the current context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bernardo et al., 2020</xref>; Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Riad et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref> developed and validated the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Brazil, based on the DSM-5 definition (Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult Scale). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Broche-Pérez et al. (2020)</xref> adapted the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, which was originally developed and validated in English by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref> carried out the cross-cultural validation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>) in 12 Latin American countries. During their study, they identified other measures in addition to the scale under validation, namely: the COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS), developed in the USA by Nikčević and Spada (2020); the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire (C-19-A), developed in Germany by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al. (2020)</xref>; the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS), developed in Brazil by Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020); and an additional scale developed in India by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>.</p>
            <p>Given the above, the importance of ensuring the availability of assessment tools for anxiety-related aspects in the context of COVID-19 for use in Brazil becomes evident. This is especially crucial to enable healthcare professionals to conduct rapid screening and provide necessary assistance.</p>
            <p>It is important for multidisciplinary teams to have access to a range of culturally validated and reliable scales, enabling early screening of COVID-19-related mental disorders, including specialized anxiety assessment instruments.</p>
            <p>In this context, the present study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS), developed in India by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>. The scale contains seven items and covers two domains. After analyzing psychometric properties, the authors found that CAS demonstrated satisfactory face and content validity, internal consistency, and structural validity.</p>
            <p>The CAS developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> addresses “fear of social interaction” and “illness anxiety” and has the advantage of being a brief and quickly administrable instrument, distinguishing it from the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale constructed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref>, which includes symptoms related to Generalized Anxiety Disorder.</p>
            <p>It is worth noting that CAS has not yet been adapted and validated for use in other countries. The availability of this measure can assist healthcare professionals in recognizing the psychological impacts caused by COVID-19 and in developing psychological interventions to aid individuals with pandemic-induced dysfunctional anxiety. Hence the importance and choice of this instrument. Given the above, the objective of the present research was to translate and culturally adapt CAS for the Brazilian context.</p>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>Method</title>
                <p>This is a cross-sectional and methodological study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Polit et al., 2004</xref>) that followed the steps proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2020)</xref> to translate and adapt CAS for use in Brazil. The project received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos under protocol No. 4.536.845.</p>
                <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the five steps followed during the research.</p>
                <fig id="f02">
                    <label>Figure 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Translation and cultural adaptation stages of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-estpsi-40-e220017-gf01-en.tif"/>
                </fig>
                <p>Step 1 – Initial translation: CAS was submitted for initial translation from English (original version) to Brazilian Portuguese, which was performed by two independent and qualified translators, fluent in both languages, and experienced in translating scientific texts in the field of health.</p>
                <p>Step 2 – Synthesis of translations: both the translators and the researchers synthesized the results of the translations to identify possible divergences and items that were more closely aligned and had the best meaning in the Portuguese language.</p>
                <p>Step 3 – Back-translation: a third translator, who was unaware of the study’s purpose and was a native English speaker, translated the consensus version of CAS, rendering the scale from Brazilian Portuguese back into the English language (original language).</p>
                <p>Step 4 – Expert committee review: composed of eight experts with backgrounds in different areas (Gerontology, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Psychology, and Literature). These experts were invited via email and were informed about the scale’s objectives and the number of proposed items. Upon acceptance, the Informed Consent Form and the online questionnaire for scale evaluation were sent. The experts reviewed the translation syntheses and analyzed four types of equivalence: (1) semantic equivalence, (2) idiomatic equivalence, (3) experimental equivalence, and (4) conceptual equivalence. In addition, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was analyzed along with suggestions made by the experts. After this analysis, some words were modified for better understanding and adaptation of the scale to the Brazilian context.</p>
                <p>Step 5 – Pre-test: The scale was submitted to a sample of 47 individuals to assess clarity, comprehensibility, and item relevance. Participants were invited through social media and email. Volunteers who met the eligibility criteria (age 18 or older, possessing a minimum level of education for reading, and internet access) were invited to participate in the study. Those who agreed to participate were provided with a link to the data collection form. The first item displayed to the participants was the Informed Consent Form for online data collection. If the individual selected the option “I have read and agree to participate in the study”, the data collection instruments were then made available. Specifically, a questionnaire for collecting sociodemographic and health characteristics (name, age, phone number, date of birth, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, family income, occupation, religion and if practitioner of that religion’s practices, number of people in the same household, number of comorbidities and medications in use, and use of alcohol and tobacco); the pre-final version of CAS; and some questions regarding the clarity, comprehensibility, and relevance of the CAS items. In case the individual did not agree to participate in the study, they could simply close the browser window.</p>
                <p>CAS was developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> and assesses COVID-19-related anxiety. It is a free-to-use instrument composed of seven items, rated on a 4-point variation semantic scale, measuring fear of social interaction and illness-related anxiety. CAS scores range from 7 to 28 points, with scores &lt; 13 considered low anxiety and &gt; 21 considered high anxiety. Therefore, higher scores indicate higher levels of COVID-19-related anxiety.</p>
                <p>The authors of the CAS granted permission for the translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument to the Brazilian context.</p>
                <p>In the pre-test, in addition to completing the items of the pre-final Brazilian version of CAS, participants were asked about the clarity, comprehensibility, and relevance of the scale items, and were then asked to provide suggestions.</p>
                <p>Regarding the statistical analyses, initially, the data were entered into a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel for Windows 7 and then transferred to the IBM<sup>®</sup>SPSS<sup>®</sup> software (version 22.0) for descriptive analysis, including the creation of frequency tables, measures of central tendency (mean, median, minimum, and maximum), and measures of dispersion (standard deviation).</p>
                <p>The CVI was also analyzed, indicating the degree of equivalence between CAS versions using a Likert-type scale with four response options: 1 = not equivalent; 2 = slightly equivalent; 3 = equivalent; and 4 = very equivalent. For the CVI analysis, the criterion proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lynn (1986)</xref> was applied, suggesting that with six or more experts, the expected value is CVI ≥ 0.78.</p>
                <p>Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was also calculated to assess the internal consistency of the final Brazilian version of the CAS. Values ≥ 0.70 were considered satisfactory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Terwee et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results">
                <title>Results</title>
                <p>Following the steps recommended by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2000)</xref>, CAS was first translated, the translations were then synthesized and, afterwards, they were back-translated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>).</p>
                <table-wrap id="t04">
                    <label>Table 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Original instrument’s items and synthesis of translations of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center" valign="top">
                                <th align="left">Original instrument’s items in English</th>
                                <th>1<sup>st</sup> Translation</th>
                                <th>2<sup>nd</sup> Translation</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Please rate your perceptions on the following questions. Select the circle that closely reflects your perception.</td>
                                <td><italic>Por favor avalie suas percepções das seguintes perguntas. Marque o círculo que reflete fielmente sua percepção.</italic></td>
                                <td><italic>Por favor, avalie suas percepções nas seguintes questões. Selecione o círculo que mais fielmente reflete suas percepções.</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>1. How afraid are you of acquiring COVID-19 when going into the public?<break/>Extremely afraid - Not at all afraid</td>
                                <td>1. <italic>Quanto receia ser contaminado pela COVID-19 ao se deslocar em público?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente receoso – Nada receoso</italic></td>
                                <td>1. <italic>Quão temeroso(a) você fica de adquirir o COVID-19 quando sai em público?</italic><break/><italic>Muito temeroso - Nem um pouco</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>2. How frequently are you feeling worried that you have acquired Covid-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>2. <italic>Com que frequência você está preocupado achando que foi contaminado pela COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                                <td>2..<italic>Quão frequentemente você se sente preocupado de ter adquirido o COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>3. How Frequently is your sleep getting affected because of thoughts relating to COVID-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>3. <italic>Com que frequência seu sono está sendo influenciado por pensamentos relacionados à COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                                <td>3. <italic>Quão frequentemente seu sono é afetado por conta de pensamentos relacionados ao COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>4. How frequently are you avoiding conversations on COVID-19 related information out of fear/anxiety?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>4. <italic>Com que frequência está evitando conversas sobre informações relacionadas à COVID-19 devido ao medo/à ansiedade?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                                <td>4. <italic>Quão frequentemente você evita conversas sobre informação relacionada ao COVID-19 por medo ou ansiedade?</italic><break/><italic>Sempre - Nunca</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>5. How worried are you of acquiring COVID-19 when an unknown person is cominh closer to you?<break/>Extremely worried - Not at all anxious</td>
                                <td>5. <italic>Quanto está preocupado com a contaminação pela COVID-19 quando um desconhecido se aproxime de você?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente preocupado - Nada preocupado</italic></td>
                                <td>5. <italic>Quão preocupado(a) você fica de adquirir o COVID-19 quando pessoas desconhecidas chegam perto de você?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nem um pouco preocupado(a)</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>6. How anxious are you getting When knowing information on COVID-19?<break/>Extremely anxious - Not at all anxious</td>
                                <td>6. <italic>Quanto fique ansioso ao receber informações sobre a COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente ansioso - Nada ansioso</italic></td>
                                <td>6..<italic>Quão ansioso você fica ao saber sobre informação relacionada ao COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente ansioso(a) - Nem um pouco ansioso(a)</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>7. How concerned are you When people cough or sneeze because of the fear that you may acquire COVID-19?<break/>Extremely concerned - Not at all concerned</td>
                                <td>7. <italic>Quanto está preocupado quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra devido ao medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente preocupado - Nada preocupado</italic></td>
                                <td>7. <italic>Quão preocupado(a) você fica quando pessoas tossem ou espirram por medo de que possa adquirir o COVID-19?</italic><break/><italic>Extremamente preocupado(a) - Nem um pouco preocupado(a)</italic></td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>A committee composed of eight experts (two gerontologists, two nurses, two psychologists, one physiotherapist, and one linguist) analyzed the CAS versions. Among the eight experts, two held post-doctoral degrees, two had doctoral degrees, two were doctoral students, one was a master’s student, and one had a specialization in translation. Furthermore, two of the experts were university professors. It is worth noting that the members of the expert committee had previous experience with the process of translating and validating scales, including participation in multicenter projects.</p>
                <p>The CVI was calculated for each item of the scale analyzed by the experts. Of the seven items that composed the CAS, five presented CVI = 1, indicating equivalence, and thus were kept in the pre-final version of the instrument. The other two items were reanalyzed and modified by the researchers based on the experts’ suggestions, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t05">
                    <label>Table 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Consensual and pre-final version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <th>Consensual version</th>
                                <th align="center">Pre-final Version</th>
                                <th align="center">CVI</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>Please rate your perceptions of the following questions. Mark the circle that accurately reflects your perception.</td>
                                <td>Please rate the following questions and mark an X on the answer that best reflects your perception.</td>
                                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>1. Are you worried about acquiring COVID-19 when you go out in public?<break/>Extremely worried - Not worried at all</td>
                                <td>1. Are you afraid of being infected with COVID-19 when you go out in public?<break/>Very afraid - Not afraid at all</td>
                                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>2. How often do you feel worried about having acquired COVID-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>2. How often do you feel worried about being infected with COVID-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td align="center">1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>3. How often is your sleep affected by thoughts related to COVID-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>3. How often is your sleep affected by thoughts related to COVID-19?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td align="center">1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>4. How often are you avoiding conversations about COVID-19-related information due to fear or anxiety?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td>4. How often do you avoid conversations about COVID-19-related information due to fear or anxiety?<break/>Always - Never</td>
                                <td align="center">1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>5. How concerned are you about acquiring COVID-19 when strangers get close to you?<break/>Extremely concerned - Not concerned at all</td>
                                <td>5. How concerned are you about being infected with COVID-19 when strangers get close to you?<break/>Extremely concerned - Not concerned at all</td>
                                <td align="center">1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>6. How anxious do you get when you learn about COVID-19-related information?<break/>Extremely anxious - Not anxious at all</td>
                                <td>6. How anxious do you get when you receive COVID-19-related information?<break/>Extremely anxious - Not anxious at all</td>
                                <td align="center">1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <td>7. How worried are you when a person coughs or sneezes for fear of being infected with COVID-19?<break/>Extremely worried - Not worried at all</td>
                                <td>7. How worried are you about being infected with COVID-19 when a person coughs or sneezes?<break/>Extremely worried - Not worried at all</td>
                                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note: CVI: Contente Validity Index.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>In item 1, the word “receio” was replaced with “medo”, and “adquirir a COVID-19” was replaced with “ser contaminado pela COVID-19”. Therefore, item (1) “Você tem receio de adquirir a COVID-19 quando sai em público?” was replaced with “Você tem medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19 quando sai em público?”.</p>
                <p>In item 7, the order of the words was reversed, changing “O quanto você fica preocupado(a) quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra devido ao medo de ser contaminado pela COVID-19?” to “O quanto você fica preocupado(a) de ser contaminado pela COVID-19 quando uma pessoa tosse ou espirra?” (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>). Thus, the pre-final version of the CAS was established.</p>
                <p>In the pre-test, this pre-final version was evaluated by 47 individuals, mostly female (63.8%), mixed-race (48.9%), Catholic (42.4%), and practicioners of some form of religion (55.35%). The mean age and level of education were 33.53 (± 13.05) and 10.76 (± 5.15) years, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>). Participants in this stage found the scale to be clear and comprehensible, as there were no suggestions for modifications to the instrument’s items, thus establishing the final adapted Brazilian version of CAS.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t06">
                    <label>Table 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Population’s sociodemographic characteristics and health condition</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="2" align="left">Category</th>
                                <th><italic>n</italic></th>
                                <th>%</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Sex</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Female</td>
                                <td>30</td>
                                <td>63.6</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Male</td>
                                <td>17</td>
                                <td>36.2</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Race</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">White</td>
                                <td>16</td>
                                <td>34.0</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Black</td>
                                <td>7</td>
                                <td>14.9</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Mixed race</td>
                                <td>23</td>
                                <td>48.9</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Other</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                                <td> 2.1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Marital status</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Single</td>
                                <td>26</td>
                                <td>55.3</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Married</td>
                                <td>14</td>
                                <td>29.0</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Common-law marriage</td>
                                <td>5</td>
                                <td>10.6</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Divorced</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                                <td> 4.3</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Religion</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Catholic</td>
                                <td>20</td>
                                <td>42.4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Evangelical</td>
                                <td>4</td>
                                <td> 8.4</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Other</td>
                                <td>23</td>
                                <td>49.2</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Practitioner of religion</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                                <td>26</td>
                                <td>55.3</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No</td>
                                <td>21</td>
                                <td>44.7</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Also in the scale’s pre-test, the 47 participants filled out the instrument to assess their level of COVID-19-related anxiety, obtaining a mean score of 16.06 (± 4.43); overall scores ranged from 8.0 to 25.0 points. Among the pre-test respondents, 51.1% (<italic>n</italic> = 24) exhibited coronavirus-related anxiety. In addition, the internal consistency of the final version of CAS was satisfactory, with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.798.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="discussion">
                <title>Discussion</title>
                <p>This study performed the translation and cultural adaptation of the CAS for use in Brazil, following the methodological recommendations and steps proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Beaton et al. (2000)</xref>. The process of translating and adapting an instrument to another language involves a complex methodology. Sometimes, a simple translation may not be feasible due to cultural and language differences. Language, cultural context, and lifestyle need to be considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Alexandre &amp; Coluci, 2011</xref>). Experts become indispensable during the process of translating and adapting instruments, and the committee should ensure that the final version is entirely understandable to assess its cultural equivalence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Alexandre &amp; Coluci, 2011</xref>).</p>
                <p>In this research, experts carefully analyzed all CAS items; two were flagged as requiring adjustments. It is well-established that expert committee review is essential for the analysis of translations, and they have the role of making critical decisions and modifying words that are common in culture and linguistics, which have peculiarities, given that countries have different socioeconomic characteristics and ethnicities, as is the case of Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Santos et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
                <p>The adapted Brazilian version of CAS is equivalent to the original English scale developed in India by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>, and all the CVIs were ≥ 0.87, indicating satisfactory content validity. Furthermore, all 47 pre-test participants found all scale items to be clear and comprehensible, without suggesting modifications.</p>
                <p>The pre-test participants were predominantly women (63.8%), of mixed-race (48.9%), single (55.3%), Catholic (42.4%), and practitioners of some form of religion (55.3%). The respondents’ mean age was 33.53 years (± 13.05), and the mean level of education was 10.76 years (± 5.15), ranging from 2 to 17 years or more in the education item. Similar characteristics were found in the profile of participants in the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bernardo et al. (2020)</xref>. Their study aimed to develop the CPAS-11 in the Philippines, based on a systematic search for existing anxiety scales. A total of 925 people participated in the study, with a predominance of women (71.14%) and a mean age of 35.26 years. Most were single (58.27%) and employed (60.86%). The authors indicated that the CPAS-11 demonstrated good internal consistency and validity, making it an efficient and reliable tool for research and clinical practice.</p>
                <p>Another study that exhibited similar sociodemographic characteristics to the present study was conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Padovan-Neto (2021)</xref> in Brazil. His study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a Brazilian adaptation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS-BR), originally developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>. The authors stated that they created an adapted a version of the CAS-BR using a standard translation process. Subsequently, online data collection was carried out with the participation of 505 people; most were female (60.39%), mean age of 32 years, white (76.6%), married (39.4%), followed by singles (38.4%), and with higher education (68.9%). The CAS-BR demonstrated good internal consistency and validity for assessing coronavirus-related anxiety.</p>
                <p>This study also observed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.798) for the adapted Brazilian version of CAS developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref>. This version was answered by 47 participants in the pre-test, which was similar to the result obtained by the instrument’s authors during the psychometric analysis stage (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.730). It is worth noting that, up to this point, this is apparently the first study that has adapted and/or validated this scale for other cultures.</p>
                <p>Other scales assessing COVID-19-related anxiety have also demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency. For instance, in the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022)</xref>, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee, 2020</xref>) was cross-culturally validated in 12 Latin American countries with 5,196 participants, showing good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ≥ 0.78. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Petzold et al. (2020)</xref> conducted research with 6,262 participants to develop and validate the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire in Germany, also confirming satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.860).</p>
                <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref> also obtained satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.890) in the psychometric analyses of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale developed in Brazil. Isik et al. (2022) reported good internal consistency for the Turkish version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, originally developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee (2020)</xref>, which was applied to 720 individuals and achieved a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.864.</p>
                <p>It is important to emphasize that, despite the good internal consistency observed in the pre-test stage, the adapted Brazilian version of CAS will be administered to a larger sample to analyze various psychometric properties of the scale, including reliability through internal consistency and through test-retest.</p>
                <p>Regarding the anxiety levels of the pre-test participants, a mean score of 16.06 (± 4.43) was obtained in the adapted Brazilian version of CAS. The study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Chandu et al. (2020)</xref> found a similar mean score on CAS (16.93 ± 3.71) during the pre-test phase. It was found that 51.1% of the pre-test respondents in this study exhibited coronavirus-related anxiety. In the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Sahu et al. (2021)</xref>, conducted in India, the prevalence was 20.4%.</p>
                <p>Caycho-Rodríguez et al. (2022) cite studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pappa et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Wu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Xiong et al., 2020</xref>) indicating that the global prevalence of COVID-19-associated anxiety ranges from 6.33% to 50.9%. In Latin America, it ranges from 5.61% to 81.90% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Alzueta et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goularte et al., 2021</xref>; Krüger-Malpartida et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Orellana &amp; Orellana, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Paz et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>In this context, the importance of early screening and the development of interventions aimed at reducing people’s anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic becomes evident. Having scales with evidence of reliability and validity available for use in different cultures is crucial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Sampaio Brito, et al. (2020)</xref> emphasize the extreme necessity of developing valid and reliable psychological instruments to assess how individuals are reacting to this pandemic situation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Silva, Santos, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>Therefore, it is important to highlight that the present study rigorously followed all the steps outlined in the methodology and achieved the proposed objective. Limitations of the study include convenience sampling and the difficulty in data collection, being that social isolation posed a great challenge in collecting pre-test data online through self-assessment.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>Conclusion</title>
                <p>Based on the proposed objectives and obtained results, it can be concluded that the Brazilian version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale is translated and adapted for the Brazilian context. For future studies, the researchers are in the process of analyzing the psychometric properties to make the scale available for widespread use in Brazil. This will contribute to equipping healthcare professionals with a tool for screening anxiety associated with COVID-19.</p>
            </sec>
        </body>
        <back>
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                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Ferreira, L. G. S., Pellegrini, A. R., Santos, D. G. M., Carvalho, D. N. R., &amp; Orlandi, F. S. (2023). Translation and cultural adaptation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Brazil. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e220017. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e220017en</ext-link></p>
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                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Process nº 88887508031/2020-001) and <italic>Fundação Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Process nº 2020.12915-7).</p>
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