The partial results presented and discussed in this paper refer to the investigation “Suffering and parenting of babies with physical disabilities: implications for child development”, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo under CAAE: 12607218.2.0000.0076 and by the Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente under CAAE: 12607218.2.3002.0085. The investigation participants read and signed the free and informed consent form, being previously informed about all the procedures used and their potential risks of physical or emotional discomfort.

This is an exploratory investigation, as it seeks to identify variables, establish priorities or suggest statements (Sampieri et al., 2006). The case-control model selects participants who have a clinical condition and others who do not and assessing such participants’ exposure to set factors (Schlesselman, 1982).

Table 1 below shows the description of the sample of each case. It contains the gender of the baby and his/her age at the time of data collection, as well as that of his/her caregiver. Further, schooling, marital status, socioeconomic status according to the Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (2018) definition, type of housing, area of São Paulo where they live, number of dwellers at the time of data collection, presence of siblings, personal and/or family history of anxiety/depression and psychological treatment.

Table 1

Group	With disability	Without disability
Baby gender	M	F
Baby age (Months)	10	10
Caregiver gender	F	F
Caregiver age	40	30
Education	Complete High School	Incomplete College
Marital Status	Common Law Marriage	Married
Socioeconomic status	C1	C1
Housing	Apartment	House
Number of people in the household	3	3
Other children	Yes	No
History of Anxiety/Depression	Yes (diagnosed)	No
Previous psychological treatment	Yes	No

The interview was submitted to a content analysis (Bardin, 2011), addressing the categories Maternal Suffering, Parenting and Baby Resources.

In “Maternal Suffering”, there are concerns, difficulties and clinical complications reported by mothers, as can be seen in the excerpts below: “And I lost a pregnancy before this one, so he is the rainbow baby” (Mother of the disabled baby). “And since I, I, had... an... abortion before her” (Mother of the baby without a disability).

In “Parenting”, statements referring to maternal expectations are grouped together:

“Ah, we do everything together, he sticks to me like a chewing gum! Wherever I go, he is there with me. Everything... we play together, laugh together, watch television together, sleep together... it's my little chewing gum” (Mother of the disabled baby).

“I'm still rather attached, right? So I am that person who doesn't trust to leave my baby with someone else... I'm still in that phase, but trying to let it go, right? ( … ) our relationship is good, it's good, I think it's common” (Mother of the baby without disability).

In the “Baby Resources” category, there are statements referring to the baby's abilities. Only the mother of the baby without disability presented this category.

“Yeah, now she's learning to walk so I'm teaching her to walk, holding on to things” (Mother of the baby without disability).

Table 2 below presents the results of the other instruments, in order to compare both mothers. The values referring to ASQ represent the sum of all domains.

Table 2

Instruments	With disability	Without disability
ASQ total	105	235
BAI score	12	5
BAI interpretation	Mild	Minimum
BDI score	30	19
BDI interpretation	Moderate	Mild
PRFQ Pre-Mentalization	1.7	1.0
PRFQ Certainty about Mental States	3.8	4.3
PRFQ Interest and Curiosity	4.8	4.2

Note: ASQ: Age and Stages Questionnaire; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; PRFQ: Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire.

In the mother of the baby with a physical disability, the BAI items marked as moderately stand out “Fear of worst happening”, “Heart pounding of racing”, “Nervous”, “Feelings of choking” and “Fear of losing control” stand out. And in the BDI stand out "I feel I have nothing to look forward to", "As I look back on my life, all I can see is a lot of failures", "I'm disappointed in myself", "I cry all the time now I cannot stop it", "I have lost all my interest in other people and do not care about them at all", “I am less sure of myself now and try to put off making decisions” and “I feel less worthy when I compare myself to other people”. In the results of the mother of the baby without a disability, the statement “Unable to relax” was marked as moderate in the BAI. And, in the BDI, the items “As I look back on my life, all I can see is a lot of failures” and “I cannot make any decisions at all any more”.

Both mothers have a similar socioeconomic profile: they are aged between 30 and 40 years, one with complete secondary education and the other with incomplete higher education. As for marital status, the first is married and the second is married under common law. Socioeconomic level was coincident (C1), as well as the number of people living in the household (three). The mothers reported an abortion prior to the birth of the child participating in the study. Likewise, they report a relationship in which closeness and mutual participation in everyday practices are highlighted: “Ah, we do everything together, he sticks to me like a chewing gum!” (mother of the disabled baby) and “I'm still rather attached, right?” (Mother of the baby without disability).

These data can be read under the PRFQ results’ light. According to the instrument (Luyten et al., 2017), interest and curiosity about the baby's internal world contribute to the baby’s development. In this aspect, there was no relevant difference between the cases, which presented a score of 4.8 and 4.2, an indication of favorable parenting for the baby's development. The pre-mentalization results were also similar (1.7 and 1) and considered favorable. Pre-mentalization refers to parenting with little openness and sensitivity to perceive and understand what is happening from the baby's subjective point of view. Finally, certainty about mental states is highlighted and is understood as an indicator of limited and concrete parenting. While the mother is guided by certainty about what is going on with the baby, she runs the risk of being excessive and intrusive, when not paranoid. In this item, both mothers obtained a similar score (4.8 and 4.2), a value considered high and harmful.

The similarities in the cases allow for a relevant comparison, insofar as the presence of the diagnosis of physical disability stands out as a salient difference. It can be conjectured that the similar results in the PRFQ may be related to these similarities (socioeconomic profile, previous abortion and dealing with the baby). However, the high level of certainty about mental states is noteworthy. To understand these data, it is necessary to observe the other results.

Although there are similarities, the cases differ in significant aspects for this research. The difference in relation to the quality of the baby's development is evident, since the comparison is made between a typical and an atypical case, diagnosed with unspecified cerebral palsy. The central difference is the level of functional resources present in babies, whose scores were, respectively, 105 and 235 for the participant with and without disabilities.

Differences in the anxiety and depression scales also stand out. In general, the results indicated more symptoms of anxiety and depression in the mother of the baby with a physical disability than in the mother of the baby without any disability. Even so, this is a Mild level of anxiety and Moderate depression, a result relatively similar to what is found in the current literature of parents of children with physical disabilities using the Beck scales (Malm-Buatsi et al., 2015; Türkoğlu et al., 2016; Yoo, 2016). It should be mentioned that the mother of the disabled baby was already diagnosed with depression and underwent psychotherapeutic and drug treatment, which should be considered in the discussion.

A qualitative observation about the data obtained through the BAI and BDI allows a deep understanding about the results found. When observing the items answered as “moderately”, the mother of the baby with disability has a specific trait, more marked by neurovegetative symptoms (e.g. “Heart pounding of racing” and “Feelings of choking”) and questions related to self-esteem and sensitivity (e.g. “As I look back on my life, all I can see is a lot of failures” and “I cry all the time now I cannot stop it”) than the other mother.

This difference may be related to the severity of the condition of the baby with a disability, which impacts the caregiver available resources for daily activities, developing situations of dependence for locomotion and feeding, as well as for interaction with the caregiver. Regarding the first aspect, the review by Barreto et al. (2019) indicates that the situations specific to the care of these babies can act as factors that lead to mental health risk. The time spent with the baby impacts the hours of sleep and limits other activities. The report of the mother of the disabled baby was in line with this literature. As the aforementioned statement illustrates, child care takes up most of the family's time (Alaee et al., 2015). Routine events such as taking the child to school, physiotherapy and medical visits demand time, disposition and money from caregivers beyond what would be needed with a child without a physical disability (Kisler, 2014). Specifically caregivers who hesitate to leave children under the responsibility of other people are found in this population with the justification of lack of confidence, fear and concern that they would not be able to provide adequate care (Silva et al., 2010).

Even so, the need for third parties to help with care is described, often due to the need for physical strength, which can create a stressful condition both by establishing situations of dependency and by the absence of these people in the daily lives of some families. In this connection, there are numerous reports of parents who give up work to dedicate themselves to child care. Among the family arrangements, the mother is described most of the time as the one who places herself in this role (Alaee et al., 2015; Guillamón et al., 2013; Vadivelan, et al., 2020).

Moving on to the second point, the baby's functional difficulties (or even impossibilities) may affect the resources needed to attract and maintain a relationship/exchange with the caregiver. The literature allows sustaining that atypical patterns of behavior, the perceptibility of anatomical and functional differences and the difficulties of accepting the diagnosis impact on parenting. The problems can be summarized as lack of knowledge and vulnerability of the caregivers. Items marked by the mother of the baby with disability as “moderate” point in this direction (“Fear of losing control”, “As I look back on my life, all I can see is a lot of failures”, “I'm disappointed in myself”, “I am less sure of myself now and try to put off making decisions” and “I feel less worthy when I compare myself to other people”).

For this sample, caregiver anxiety and depression impact parenting. Anxious and depressive caregivers have more negative affect, intrusion and criticism compared to mothers without these diagnoses. They demonstrate less sensitivity and synchrony with the child, look more often at their child, but with short intervals and offer faster or slower touches than required in the relationship. Indeed, associated with these results are children with behavioral problems, less social engagement and greater activation of the stress response compared to children in the control group (Granat et al., 2017; Priel et al., 2019; Ulmer‐Yaniv et al., 2018).

Observing the results found, only the certainty about the mental states pointed to difficulties in the exercise of parenting in the manner presented. Comparing the mothers, no salient differences were noted. We return to the hypothesis that the cases have similar characteristics, but it should be added that the only instrument used to assess parenting was the self-report, which is sensitive to the mother's unique understanding of her practical performance with the baby.

In any case, what draws attention when comparing a baby with a disability and a random case without disability is the lack of significant differences in parenting. These data indicate that, for this sample, disability can impact the mother's mental health, but without intensely affecting parenting. In this case, it is necessary to consider that there will be more work for the mother of the baby with disability in order to offer the same quality of care compared to the other mother, albeit with a more serious emotional condition. A path is opened here towards the processes of adaptation and elaboration proposed by Franco (2016), which provide a key to understanding what is needed from the caregivers of these babies and how professionals can help in this process.

This article aimed to assess the emotional impacts of the baby's physical disability on the mother. The mothers involved in the study presented socioeconomic data, life history events and similar outcomes. The only differences found were the levels of anxiety and depression between the mothers and the baby's functional resources.

With fewer resources, babies with physical disabilities are more dependent on the caregiver. This care is based on the bond established between the caregiver and the baby, depending on how both will behave and interpret each other's behavior. Added to the atypical patterns of behavior and to the greater suffering of this caregiver, it is pointed out that there is a potential difficulty when there is a physical disability: if the baby has fewer resources, caregivers need to have greater observation, attention and understanding to interact. Delays in this interaction, in turn, can affect development, enhancing existing functional difficulties, creating a pattern that will increasingly demand from these parents if adaptation and preparation work fails.

It is understood that a baby’s disability does not go unaffected. As seen, human parenting is engendered around physical contact, gaze, touch and voice, factors impacted by the different pathologies that cause physical disability. However, parenting is also conditioned to culture, past events and future projects, inserting a subjective variable that should be considered. For this reason, it can be expected that, even in the face of a baby’s disabling condition, caregivers can still engage favorably with their offspring. We point out here to the clinical aspect that goes beyond the levels of anxiety and depression, but to the nature of this suffering, more specifically the unique meanings attributed to the experiences.

As noted, there are similarities between the cases: both report a previous miscarriage, but the mother of the disabled baby uses the expression “Rainbow baby”, with a whole underlying elucubration. This solution can help explain the mother’s resources to sustain parenting even in the face of more significant difficulties. This clinical aspect could be better explored in future investigation.

This study was limited by the use of a small sample and supported only by self-report instruments. Without observational instruments for comparison, there may be a risk of information contamination from one instrument to another. Also, the presence of a mother with diagnosed and treated depression can impact the results. Further studies are required, with more controlled samples and other instruments to verify the hypotheses raised here.