<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">estpsi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Estud. psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">0103-166X</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1982-0275</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other"></article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120pt</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>RELATO DE PESQUISA | Psicologia Escolar e Educacional</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Quando usar objetos não é suficiente: análise microgenética de uma situação educativa na escola infantil</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3726-8783</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Rengifo-Herrera</surname>
                        <given-names>Francisco José</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Educação</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c01"> E-mail: <email>frengifo@unb.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editora</label>
                    <p>Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflitos de interesse</label>
                    <p>O autor declara não ter conflitos de interesse.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>42</volume>
            <elocation-id>e230120</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>17</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>O estudo investiga como a ação intencional da professora a partir do uso de objetos por crianças de 2 a 3 anos em situações educativas favorece a emergência de indicadores relacionados com as funções executivas.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Método</title>
                    <p>Foram analisados vídeos de situações educativas conduzidas por uma professora com 12 crianças em uma escola pública. A análise concentrou-se em uma tarefa semiestruturada realizada após a leitura compartilhada de um livro infantil, com o intuito de observar as intervenções da professora, os usos dos objetos e as ações das crianças.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>Os resultados indicam que a professora realizou intervenções que pareciam restringir as dinâmicas semióticas envolvendo o uso dos livros, com pouca antecipação dos resultados esperados em momentos-chave da atividade. Essas intervenções restringem a promoção das funções executivas nas crianças durante as interações. No entanto, observou-se que algumas crianças conseguiram regular suas ações e gerar algum tipo de controle na tarefa.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>Conclui-se que, embora a mediação da professora poderia ter promovido maiores desafios, as crianças demonstraram indicadores de autorregulação. Isso sugere que a ação e o manuseio de objetos podem, em certa medida, favorecer o desenvolvimento do controle executivo, mesmo com intervenções pouco direcionadas. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de práticas pedagógicas mais intencionais e planejadas que impactem nos processos de funcionamento executivo nas crianças desde os primeiros anos no Ensino Infantil.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Desenvolvimento infantil</kwd>
                <kwd>Educação infantil</kwd>
                <kwd>Função executiva</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – Modalidade Profissional da Universidade de Brasília</funding-source>
                    <award-id>002/2022</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement>Auxílio Financeiro para pesquisador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – Modalidade Profissional da Universidade de Brasília (Chamada Interna nº 002/2022).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
            <counts>
                <fig-count count="10"/>
                <table-count count="0"/>
                <equation-count count="0"/>
                <ref-count count="23"/>
            </counts>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <p>O uso dos objetos em situações educativas na Educação Infantil não é algo tão obvio nem frequente no contexto educativo. Os objetos não parecem ser alvos de atenção nas situações didáticas envolvendo crianças pequenas. Além disso, parece existir pouco aprofundamento nos estudos sobre como a materialidade favorece a emergência de processos cognitivos nessas idades. Esta pesquisa analisa o recorte de uma observação em sala de aula envolvendo o uso de livros e as relações dessa situação com a promoção de controle executivo em crianças pequenas.</p>
        <p>Os trabalhos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rodríguez (2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2015)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rodríguez e Moro (1999)</xref> consolidaram as análises triádicas acerca do desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodriguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>) bem como os trabalhos sobre o desenvolvimento das ações das crianças diante dos usos dos objetos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Palacios et al., 2018</xref>), e sobre o papel dos gestos e ações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Guevara et al., 2020</xref>), bem como a compreensão que se faz sobre os objetos como elementos exo-somáticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rengifo-Herrera, 2021</xref>), permitem entender que a materialidade é projetada para solucionar problemas ou para facilitar a realização de atividades corriqueiras.</p>
        <p>Pesquisas mostram que a materialidade ocupa um importante papel na emergência de processos de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem no contexto escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Taisson, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">2020</xref>). As ações das crianças permitem inferir, a partir de gestos privados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Guevara et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Guevara &amp; Rodríguez, 2023</xref>), bem como de usos privados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>), os objetos tornam-se promotores de funcionamento executivo.</p>
        <p>As pesquisas sobre Funções Executivas (FE) em crianças pequenas são escassas e focadas em aspectos mais globais desse funcionamento, sendo analisadas especialmente a partir de provas padronizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Barker et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Bernier et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Diamond, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">McClelland et al., 2019</xref>). A observação e a análise de vídeos em situações cotidianas permitem ir além do uso de testes para avaliar indicadores de controle executivo nessas idades. Uma alternativa para compreender o funcionamento executivo nas crianças se dá a partir dos desafios que enfrentam nas atividades cotidianas. Nesses contextos é possível entender os percursos que eles seguem para resolver problemas, regular a ação, bem como criar alternativas na solução de problemas. Esse tipo de registro também permite entender como os processos de controle, regulação e planejamento da ação emergem em situações corriqueiras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Moreno-Llanos et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>).</p>
        <p>As FE facilitam a organização e regulação das ações por parte da criança (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez et al., 2021</xref>). Dados indicam que as crianças conseguiam manter a atenção e inibir distratores durante a solução da tarefa, eram persistentes nas ações, tentavam alternativas flexíveis de solução e inibiam comportamentos que evitavam almejar o objetivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>). Um aspecto importante é que os adultos tinham participação regulada e planejavam ações que deixavam as crianças agirem durante a busca de soluções (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada, 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2021</xref>).</p>
        <p>Para realizar uma análise global sobre as interações entre professores-objetos-crianças recorre-se ao conceito de Situação Educativa (SE), o que torna possível desenvolver a realização de análises que vão além da descrição de processos individuais. As SE são contextos abrangentes e altamente entreveradas, o que permite que sejam realizadas análises a partir das dinâmicas e interações coletivas que derivam em aprendizagens e desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Moro &amp; Tartas, 2013</xref>). Elas envolvem o sistema professor-materialidade-alunos durante as ações que surgem nas atividades em sala de aula e têm como objetivo a geração de dinâmicas e transformação de saberes, ações e aprendizagens que nelas emergem. A ideia é ampliada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2021)</xref> e está fundamentada em aproximações didáticas que servem como complemento para entender o espaço problema que esta pesquisa pretende abordar. Essas perspectivas estão presentes em trabalhos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Brossard (2001)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Moro e Tapparel (2012)</xref>.</p>
        <p>As SE também são espaços de promoção do desenvolvimento onde os professores planejam e estabelecem zonas de ação de forma intencional, a partir dos objetivos de aprendizagem. As metas das SE estão ligadas com a compreensão da cultura e a apropriação de práticas e saberes dela. A aprendizagem orienta os processos e provoca mudanças e reorganizações no desenvolvimento, tornando possível que as crianças se apropriem de um saber-fazer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Brossard, 2001</xref>).</p>
        <p>O trabalho de Estrada permitiu identificar como as SE expõem dinâmicas triádicas de interação que possibilitam a circulação de camadas semióticas dentro desse fluxo de ações, falas e gestos em sala de aula. A autora descreve três tipos de situações educativas: semiestruturadas, estruturadas e dirigidas, sendo as primeiras mais abertas e as seguintes são mais controladas. As situações dirigidas são altamente normativas e as semiestruturadas altamente optativas. As situações estruturadas são planificadas e organizadas em função de uma proposta de atividade.</p>
        <p>Nesta pesquisa, as observações realizadas em uma escola pública infantil estão focadas em descrever cenas surgidas em situações educativas, descrevendo as características das interações entre professora-objetos-crianças onde eram promovidas (ou não) ações que derivam no desenvolvimento de controle executivo nas crianças. Esse tipo de intervenção e de outros dados já previamente coletados pelo grupo em outros países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Correa et al., 2021</xref>) indicavam que há uma ação mais regulada da ação ou, quando permitida a ação, ela não recebe suporte semiótico de forma que a criança possa ampliar possibilidades de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem.</p>
        <p>A partir do explicitado antes, destaca-se que o objetivo do artigo é investigar como a ação intencional da professora a partir do uso de objetos por crianças de 2 a 3 anos em situações educativas de leitura compartilhada favorece a emergência de indicadores relacionados com as funções executivas em uma escola infantil da cidade de Brasília. A pesquisa foi realizada considerando a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com o Parecer Consubstanciado CAEE 45025321.0.0000.5540.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Método</title>
            <p>Para mergulhar nos dados foram definidas 3 questões específicas que norteiam o foco do trabalho de análise dos dados. Essas perguntas estão focadas nas categorias que são alvo deste artigo: (1) Que características apresentavam as intervenções da professora durante o desenvolvimento das cenas analisadas? (2) Que indicadores, relacionados com o controle executivo por parte das crianças surgiram nas cenas observadas? (3) Que relações existem entre as ações dos participantes e os processos de controle executivo?</p>
            <p>No caso da professora: 1P- Direcionamento dado à materialidade durante a cena de desenvolvimento; 2P- Agenciamento de atividades que favoreçam (ou não) o desenvolvimento do controle executivo e 3P- Características dos gestos, usos dos objetos e ações expressos por parte da professora durante as cenas. Nas crianças: 1C- Indicadores de FE expressos através de controle inibitório, atenção, flexibilidade e planejamento das ações durante a cena analisada; 2C- Características dos gestos, usos dos objetos e ações expressas pela criança durante a cena observada.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>Participantes</title>
                <p>Os participantes foram 1 professora (P) de educação infantil e 12 crianças (sala maternal) entre 23 e 35 meses. Nos dados analisados foram consideradas as ações de três crianças (C1 – 26 meses, C2 – 33 meses e C3 – 31 meses). As crianças foram selecionadas a partir da identificação dos aspectos vinculados com indicadores de FE e gestos, ações e usos dos objetos analisados a partir dos vídeos. Essa seleção corresponde à identificação de segmentos de ação vinculados com o objetivo da pesquisa.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Procedimentos</title>
                <p>Foram realizadas observações em uma escola pública de educação infantil na cidade de Brasília. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, não participante e de observações naturais. Os registros de vídeo foram feitos durante 3 dias. No primeiro dia foram identificas 3 situações com filmagem de (23’33”); no segundo dia, 2 situações (19’46”); no terceiro dia 3 situações (23”47’). Os registros correspondem a atividades corriqueiras em sala de aula e foi dado especial ênfase às situações envolvendo algum tipo de materialidade como mediação da tarefa. Foi realizada uma análise microgenética a partir da categorização dos registros de vídeo em sessões, episódios, cenas (lógica do macro para o micro) até a identificação de segmentos de cena. As sessões correspondem aos registros totais por cada dia, os episódios a situações educativas específicas e as cenas a recortes feitos dos episódios e que eram considerados relevantes para a pesquisa. O pesquisador ficou de fora do registro e o ângulo de filmagem era amplo o suficiente para incluir todos os participantes. Se algum dos participantes saísse do campo de filmagem, o registro continuava para incluir a maior quantidade de participantes. Os dados apresentados aqui correspondem a um recorte dos dados totais. Trata-se de uma cena ocorrida após uma atividade de leitura compartilhada e o posterior pedido da professora para que as crianças pegassem livros de um estante e “lessem” o livro que eles escolheram. Todos os vídeos foram assistidos e categorizados.</p>
                <p>As situações educativas identificadas nos registros indicam que houve uma prevalência pelas situações dirigidas. Foram registradas 4 situações, 3 semiestruturadas e situações dirigidas 1 estruturada. Os recortes dos dados analisados correspondem a uma situação dirigida com duração de 4’19”. O recorte específico é identificado como Sessão 2, Episódio 3, Cena em que a professora convida as crianças a usar livros das estantes da sala e cuja duração é de 3’13”860.</p>
                <p>Para cada atividade registrada foram definidos três momentos, conforme determinado nas categorias e descritos também por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019)</xref>. No caso, a temporalidade tinha três fases: Introdução (I), desenvolvimento (D) e encerramento (E) da atividade. Por se tratar de registros vinculados com situações cotidianas envolvendo a dinâmica que acontece no contexto da sala de aula foi considerado que as cenas analisadas tivessem uma duração de pelo menos 60 segundos. A cena selecionada foi considerada a partir dos seguintes critérios: A) <italic>Tipo de situação educativa</italic>: as características da situação e as possibilidades de ação que permitia para as crianças. Seja porque restringe ou porque permite ações dirigidas a metas; Uso da materialidade disponível: B) <italic>Zonas de movimento</italic>: a liberdade para manusear ou utilizar objetos/materiais disponíveis ou propostos na situação educativa por parte da professora; C) <italic>Controle executivo</italic>: a situação promove ou restringe a atenção e/ou flexibilidade e/ou inibição de distratores com o funcionamento executivo; D) <italic>Tipos de intervenções</italic>: modos de conduzir a situação educativa por parte da professora.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Codificação</title>
                <p>A análise é feita a partir do uso do software ELAN (Version 6.4) de 2022. Nijmegen: <italic>Max PlanckInstitute for Psycholinguistics</italic>, <italic>The Language Archive, Netherlands</italic>. O ELAN oferece, na sua última versão, a criação de gráficos de densidade para identificar sequências de ação que seguem os participantes a partir de uma linha de tempo e das relações espaciais entre as interações. Assim, inclui-se na ação o espaço e o tempo, a sincronia ou relação temporal que existe nos usos e interações a partir da materialidade. A codificação, inspirada na proposta descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rodríguez e Moro (1999)</xref> permitiu a sistematização das categorias, complementada pelas propostas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019)</xref>. No entanto, foi necessário fazer adaptações e criar alguns indicadores que permitissem detalhar aspectos que eram singulares para esta pesquisa. É importante salientar que as categorias se constroem de forma emergente, ao longo do processo, e não correspondem a modelos predefinidos previamente.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
            <title>Resultados</title>
            <p>A seguir, apresentamos: (1) O gráfico que descreve de forma geral e global as categorias na situação educativa observada; (2) Gráfico das categorias e indicadores das ações da professora em I, D e E, bem como a análise microgenética e (3) Categorias e indicadores das ações destacadas em três crianças ao longo da situação educativa com a análise microgenética nas temporalidades na situação educativa (I, D e E) indicando os tipos de interações entre P, os objetos e C1, C2 e C3. Importante salientar que as três sequências temporais analisadas se apresentam inicialmente de forma geral e depois são segmentadas, reiterando que nesse reporte exploratório apenas se busca descrever e analisar os dados coletados na situação educativa.</p>
            <p>Foram realizados recortes de uma cena cuja duração bruta foi de 4’19”. Porém, desde os critérios de análise definidos, a cena analisada no ELAN foi de 3’13”860 de duração. (I) teve duração de 53”760, o (D) 2’00” 340 e o (E) 0’19”918. Os dados dos segmentos de cena da introdução, desenvolvimento e encerramento da tarefa se apresentam nas tabelas.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>Contextualização da Cena Analisada</title>
                <p>A cena analisada corresponde ao momento em que a professora, depois de ter feito a leitura compartilhada da história “Os três porquinhos” convida as crianças para pegar um livro da estante “para ler” e depois da “leitura” pede para eles irem para outro local da escola e fazer um desenho da história que “leram”.</p>
                <p>Categorias e indicadores presentes nas ações da professora em cada momento da atividade (I, D e E), junto com uma descrição microgenética.</p>
                <p>A seguir serão apresentadas as categorias e indicadores identificados nas ações de três crianças ao longo da situação educativa, acompanhada de descrição qualitativa.</p>
                <fig id="f01">
                    <label>Figura 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Dados globais das ações de professora e crianças C1, C2 e C3 durante a situação educativa</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf01.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Nota: C1: Criança 1; C2: Criança 2; C3: Criança 3.</attrib>
                </fig>
                <fig id="f02">
                    <label>Tabela 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Descrição de dados das ações de P durante a introdução da atividade</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf02.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Nota: ACM: Aspectos Meta-comunicativos; D: Desenvolvimento; DM: Dimensões da materialidade; E: Encerramento; I: Introdução; P: Professora.</attrib>
                </fig>
                <fig id="f03">
                    <label>Tabela 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Descrição de dados das ações de P durante o Desenvolvimento da atividade</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf03.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Nota: ACM: Aspectos Meta-comunicativos; C4: Criança 4; DM: Dimensões da materialidade; P: Professora.</attrib>
                </fig>
                <fig id="f04">
                    <label>Tabela 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Descrição de dados das ações de P durante o encerramento da atividade</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf04.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Nota: P: Professora.</attrib>
                </fig>
                <fig id="f05">
                    <label>Tabela 4</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Descrição de situações destaque nas Crianças C1, C2 e C3</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf05.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Nota: ACM: Aspectos Meta-comunicativos; C1: Criança 1; C2: Criança 2; C3: Criança 3; C5: Criança 5; D1: Desenvolvimento segmento 1; D3: Desenvolvimento segmento 3; DM: Dimensões da materialidade; E: Encerramento; I3: Introdução segmento 3; P: Professora.</attrib>
                </fig>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
            <title>Discussão</title>
            <p>A análise dos dados está focada nas três perguntas descritas no começo do método. A primeira sobre as características das ações de P durante a situação educativa analisada. Assim, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Tabela 1</xref> é possível apreciar que em I há 5 segmentos (I1 - I5), nesse caso registram-se poucos gestos e não há usos dos objetos por parte de P. Os comandos prevalentes são imperativos e declarativos afirmativos relacionados com Aspectos Metacomunicativos (ACM) e as Dimensões da Materialidade (DM) destacam o local de uso, modos de uso e referência sobre quais objetos usar. P não muda de posição e nem realiza intervenções específicas com as crianças. A orientação da ação é funcional: reproduzir o comando (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref>).</p>
            <p>Embora pareçam existir diferenças, em (D) o padrão de comunicação é mantido sem ações nem interações que provoquem um marco comum de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento nas crianças. De forma geral P repassa comandos para realizar a “leitura” e as crianças sentam e fazem o que está sendo indicado. No momento (E) P faz fechamento rápido da atividade, sem reflexão sobre a materialidade usada nem sobre as implicações do uso para as crianças. P não faz perguntas que instiguem a reflexão sobre a própria ação das crianças ao longo da atividade.</p>
            <p>O silêncio de P (a partir de 2’06”804), sem gestos e se mantendo no mesmo local não cria dinâmicas semióticas para as crianças sobre novidades e variações nos usos dos objetos. A ausência de propostas trazidas intencionalmente sobre o objeto não propicia reflexões sobre os usos ou sobre a criação de novidades a respeito do uso dos livros. Por sua vez, as suas intervenções reduzem as possibilidades de desenvolvimento de processos associados com o funcionamento executivo (atenção, memória e controle inibitório). A ação intencional de P poderia transformar a condição de uso <italic>hic et nunc</italic> – folhar o livro – e a transformar em um rico processo de aprendizagens e ações que rompem uso imediato e permitem o acesso aos usos simbólicos e ao faz de conta, por exemplo. A materialidade, especialmente no caso dos livros, aparece como recurso que cria um vínculo entre o conhecido e abre portas para mundos possíveis que, inclusive nas crianças pequenas, já pode ser identificado, como se verá no caso de C2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
            <p>As situações educativas devem introduzir intencionalmente elementos teórico/práticos e a materialidade (nesse caso o livro) precisa ser usada como meio para a promoção de novos recursos semióticos, de reflexão, de regulação e de enriquecimento cognitivo/relacional. Esse tipo de interações e gestos promovem a reflexão, a mobilização cognitiva e a transferência progressiva do controle do objeto da professora para a criança. Vale a pena destacar que essa situação ocorre após o momento de leitura compartilhada, o que significava a possibilidade de trazer à tona perguntas, questionamentos, instigações para as crianças imaginarem uma situação de leitura.</p>
            <p>A situação durou pouco mais de 4 minutos e parece indicar que existia pouca clareza sobre o seu propósito e sua inserção nesse momento. P parece não reconhecer a necessidade de utilizar estratégias didáticas e semióticas que permitam introduzir os objetos, o que gera opacidade sobre outros usos e possibilidades a partir da materialidade. Tudo isso os restringe de se tornar objetos de estudo, de indagação e de saber.</p>
            <p>O livro é um objeto cultural que, além da materialidade, oferece a oportunidade de criar mundos semioticamente alternativos, criando a necessidade de inferir novidades. No entanto, em solidão, a criança faz apenas um uso funcional e não consegue imaginar, flexibilizar e recriar o que o objeto <italic>per se</italic> oferece. Os objetos não explicitam nada inerente sobre seu uso, é por isso que pode se afirmar que usar o objeto não é suficiente, deve existir um direcionamento de outro que traga, intencionalmente, à tona a tensão entre mudança/permanência das ações e dos usos dessa materialidade incorporada na situação educativa.</p>
            <p>Por outro lado, no caso das crianças, os dados mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Tabela 4</xref> permitem inferir vários aspectos envolvendo a atenção, as FE e o que ocorre em micro momentos durante as aulas com crianças pequenas. C1 (26) apresenta indicadores de longos períodos de Atenção ON durante a atividade. Durante mais de 2 minutos C1 consegue ficar folhando o livro, dado similar ao de C3 (31). O uso do objeto e o tempo de atenção indicam a relevância que usar os objetos pode ter na regulação das ações em contextos escolares que têm muitos gatilhos para tirar o foco de atenção. A ausência de intervenções por parte de P faz com que, no caso de C1 e C3 (Segmento B de C1 e Segmento A de C3 na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Tabela 4</xref>), a atividade fique restrita ao que eles já sabem fazer: folhar o livro durante o tempo da atividade.</p>
            <p>Já no caso de C2 há duas situações muito ricas para a análise (Segmentos B e C de C2 na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Tabela 4</xref>). 1) O tipo de livro que escolheu (que tem um fantoche compondo o livro) e 2) A proximidade de C5 participando do uso simbólico que C2 fez do livro/fantoche.</p>
            <p>Ambos os aspectos ampliaram as possibilidades para que C2 fosse além do que o objeto apresentava. Ela fez controle inibitório durante a situação, flexibilizou o uso do livro e planejou a ação tanto de ser “mordida pelo mono” como de fazer de conta que está fazendo leitura compartilhada do livro com C5. Esses dados mostram que C2 vai além e consegue romper a condição aqui e agora de folhar o livro para trazer novos elementos que enriquecem as interações. É justamente a ruptura que leva a C5 a ver o livro e procurar interações com C2.</p>
            <p>Os dados analisados nos segmentos destacam que o uso da materialidade por parte das crianças mostra indicadores de aprendizagem e, conseguintemente, de desenvolvimento de aspectos relacionados com o controle executivo e que podem ser pouco advertidos por parte dos adultos no dia a dia da sala de aula. Por outra parte, os dados dessa observação também indicam como os processos de FE analisados em contextos de alta validez ecológica apresentam relevância para posteriores pesquisas, especialmente em crianças pequenas, bem como permite identificar registros relevantes sobre atenção, flexibilidade e controle inibitório. No entanto, é importante salientar que os dados analisados correspondem a um recorte específico, de um caso específico, o que limita as possibilidades de extensão das análises para níveis maiores de generalização.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Apoio</label>
                <p>Auxílio Financeiro para pesquisador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – Modalidade Profissional da Universidade de Brasília (Chamada Interna nº 002/2022).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p><bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Rengifo-Herrera, F. J. (2025). Quando usar objetos não é suficiente: análise microgenética de uma situação educativa na escola infantil. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), 42, e230120. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120pt</ext-link></p>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>RESEARCH REPORT | School and Educational Psychology</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>When using objects is not enough: microgenetic analysis of an educational situation in early childhood education</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3726-8783</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Rengifo-Herrera</surname>
                        <given-names>Francisco José</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c02"> E-mail: <email>frengifo@unb.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The author declare that there is no conflict of interest.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>The study investigates how intentional actions of a teacher, through the use of objects by 2- to 3-year-old children in educational settings, promoting the emergence of indicators related to executive functions.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Method</title>
                    <p>Videos of educational situations conducted by a teacher with 12 children in a public school were analyzed. The analysis focused on a semi-structured task carried out after the shared reading of a children’s book, aiming to observe the teacher’s interventions, the uses of objects, and the children’s actions.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>The results indicate that the teacher’s interventions appeared to restrict the semiotic dynamics involving the use of books, with little anticipation of expected outcomes at key moments of the activity. These interventions limited the promotion of executive functions in the children during the interactions. However, it was observed that some children were able to regulate their actions and exert some level of control over the task.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>It is concluded that, although the teacher’s mediation could have promoted greater challenges, the children demonstrated indicators of self-regulation. This suggests that the action and handling of objects can, to some extent, foster the development of executive control, even with minimally directed interventions. The study highlights the need for more intentional and planned pedagogical practices that impact the processes of executive functioning in children from the early years of Early Childhood Education.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Child development</kwd>
                <kwd>Early childhood education</kwd>
                <kwd>Executive functions</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Financial Support for Researcher of the Postgraduate Program in Education</funding-source>
                    <award-id>002/2022</award-id>
                </award-group>
            </funding-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <p>The use of objects in Educational Situations (ES) in Early Childhood Education is neither so obvious nor frequent. Objects do not seem to be the focus of attention in teaching situations involving young children. Furthermore, there seems to be little depth in studies on how materiality favors the emergence of cognitive processes at these ages. This research assesses a section of a classroom observation concerning the use of books and the relationship between this situation and the fostering of executive control in young children.</p>
            <p>For the Pragmatic of the objects approach, materiality is not only revealed through the physical qualities of the objects, but also through the historical process of constructing meanings and social uses that bring to light several semiotic layers about these objects, objects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rodríguez &amp; Moro, 1999</xref>). Objects do not have and they neither possess nor intrinsically indicate their use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rodríguez, 2009</xref>); on the contrary, the uses emerge from the social dynamics and are linked to processes of collective semiosis. In early childhood, the entry into the semiotic-material spheres linked to objects, their uses and their public meanings begins. Adults, through communication (speech, gestures, actions), present, demonstrate and point out the object, its uses and communicate the cultural conditions of materiality. The child, in turn, learns the use pragmatically gaining access to the cultural meanings of materiality.</p>
            <p>The investigation work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rodríguez and Moro (1999)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rodríguez (2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2015)</xref> consolidated the triadic analyses about development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodriguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>) as well as the work on the development of children’s actions in the face of the use of objects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Palacios et al., 2018</xref>), and on the role of gestures and actions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Guevara et al., 2020</xref>), as well as the understanding of objects as exosomatic elements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rengifo-Herrera, 2021</xref>), allow understanding that materiality is designed to solve problems or to facilitate the performance of everyday activities.</p>
            <p>Research shows that materiality plays an important role in the emergence of development and learning processes in the school setting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Taisson, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">2020</xref>). Children’s actions allow us to infer how, based on private gestures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Guevara et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Guevara &amp; Rodríguez, 2023</xref>), as well as private uses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>), objects become promoters of executive functioning.</p>
            <p>Research on the Executive Functions (EF) in young children is scarce and focused on global aspects of this functioning; they are assessed especially based on standardized tests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Barker et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Bernier et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Diamond, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">McClelland et al., 2019</xref>). Observation and analysis of videotapes in everyday situations allow us to go beyond the use of tests to evaluate indicators of executive control at these ages. An alternative to recognize executive functioning in children is based on our understanding of the challenges they face in everyday activities. In this connection we can understand the paths the children follow to solve problems; regulate action, as well as create alternatives to find solutions. This type of record also allows us to understand how control, regulation and action planning processes emerge in everyday situations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Moreno-Llanos et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Executive functions facilitate the organization and regulation of children’s actions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez et al., 2021</xref>). Data indicate that children were able to maintain attention and inhibit distracting factors while solving the task; they were persistent in their actions; they tried flexible alternative solutions and inhibited behaviors that would prevent achieving the objective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rodríguez &amp; Moreno-Llanos, 2020</xref>). An important aspect is that adults had regulated participation and planned actions that let children act during the search for solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada, 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2021</xref>).</p>
            <p>In order to perform a global analysis of the interactions between teachers-objects-children, the concept of educational situation ES is used, which allows assessments that go beyond the description of individual processes. ES are comprehensive and highly intertwined contexts, allowing analyses to be carried out based on the collective dynamics and interactions that result in learning and development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Moro &amp; Tartas, 2013</xref>). They involve the teacher-materiality-student system during the actions that arise in the classroom activities and aim to generate dynamics and transform knowledge, actions and learning that emerge in them. The idea is expanded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2021)</xref> and is based on didactic approaches that serve as a complement to the understanding of the problem space that this research intends to address. Such perspectives are present in works by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Brossard (2001)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Moro and Tapparel (2012)</xref>.</p>
            <p>ES are also spaces to promote development where teachers plan and establish action zones intentionally, based on learning objectives. The ES goals are linked to understanding culture and appropriating its practices and knowledge. Learning guides process and cause changes and reorganizations in the development, allowing children to appropriate know-how (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Brossard, 2001</xref>).</p>
            <p>Estrada’s work made it possible to identify how ES expose triadic dynamics of interaction that enable the circulation of semiotic layers within this classroom flow of actions, speeches and gestures. The author describes three types of educational situations: semi-structured, structured and directed, the first being more open and the following being more controlled. Directed situations are highly normative while semi-structured situations are highly optional. Structured situations are planned and organized according to a proposed activity.</p>
            <p>In this research, the observations carried out in a public children’s school are focused on describing scenes that arose in educational situations, describing the characteristics of the interactions between teacher-objects-children where actions were promoted (or not) leading to the development of executive control in children. This type of intervention and other data previously collected by the DETEDUCA group in other countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Correa et al., 2021</xref>) indicated that there is a more regulated action or, when the action is allowed, it does not receive semiotic support so that children can expand the possibilities for their development and learning.</p>
            <p>Based on what has been stated above, it is emphasized that the objective of the article is to investigate how the intentional actions of a teacher, through the use of objects by 2- to 3-year-old children during shared reading activities in educational settings, promoting the emergence of indicators related to executive functions in a preschool in the city of Brasília. The research was conducted with approval from the Research Ethics Committee under the Substantiated Opinion CAEE (Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appraisal in Brazil) 45025321.0.0000.5540.</p>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>Method</title>
                <p>To dive into the data, 3 specific issues that guide the focus of the data analysis work were defined. These issues deal with the categories that are the target of this article: (1) What characteristics did the teacher’s interventions present during the development of the scenes examined? (2) What indicators related to executive control on the part of children emerged in the scenes observed? (3) What relationships exist between participants’ actions and executive control processes?</p>
                <p>In the case of the teacher: 1P- Direction given to materiality during the development scene; 2P- Agency of activities that favor (or not) the development of executive control and 3P- Characteristics of gestures, uses of objects and actions expressed by the teacher during the scenes. In children: 1C- EF indicators expressed through inhibitory control, attention, flexibility and planning of actions during the scene examined; 2C- Characteristics of gestures, use of objects and actions expressed by the child during the scene observed.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Participants</title>
                    <p>The participants included: one early childhood education teacher (T) and 12 children (nursery room) aged between 23 and 35 months. In the data analyzed, the actions of three children were considered (C1 – 26 months-, C2 – 33 months- and C3 – 31 months). The children were selected based on the identification of aspects linked to EF indicators and gestures, actions and use of objects assessed from the videos. This selection corresponds to the identification of action segments linked to the research objective.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Procedures</title>
                    <p>Observations were carried out in a public early childhood education school in the city of Brasilia. This is a cross-sectional, non-participant research based on natural observations. Video recordings were made over 3 days. On the first day, 3 situations were identified in a (23’33”) footage; on the second day, 2 situations (19’46”); on the third day 3 situations (23”47’). The records correspond to common activities in the classroom and special emphasis was placed on situations involving some type of materiality as mediation of the task. A microgenetic analysis was carried out based on the categorization of videotapes records into sessions, episodes, scenes (macro logic for micro) until the identification of scene segments. The sessions correspond to the total records for each day, the episodes to specific educational situations and the scenes to clippings made from the episodes that were considered relevant for the research. The researcher was left out of the recording and the filming angle was wide enough to cover all participants. If any of the participants left the filming field, the recording continued to include the largest possible number of participants. The data presented here correspond to a sample of the total data. This is a scene that occurred after a shared reading activity and the teacher’s subsequent request for the children to take books from a shelf and “read” the book they chose. All videos were watched and categorized.</p>
                    <p>The educational situations identified in the records indicate that there was a prevalence of the situations addressed. Four situations were recorded, 3 semi-structured and 1 structured. The data sections examined correspond to a directed situation with a 4’19” duration. The specific clipping was identified as Session 2, Episode 3. This is a scene where the teacher asks children to use the books from the shelves and whose duration is 3’13”860.</p>
                    <p>For each recorded activity, three moments were defined, as determined in the categories and also described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019)</xref>. In this case, temporality had three phases: Introduction (I), development (D) and end (E) of the activity. As these are records linked to everyday situations involving the dynamics that take place in the classroom setting, it was considered that the scenes examined lasted at least 60 seconds. The scene was selected based on the following criteria: A) Type of educational situation: The characteristics of the situation and the possibilities of action it allowed for the children. Whether because it restricts or because it allows goal-directed actions and the Use of available materiality: B) Movement zones: The freedom to handle or use objects/materials available or suggested in the educational situation by the teacher; C) Executive control: The situation promotes or restricts attention and/or flexibility and/or inhibition of distracting factors with executive functioning; D) Types of interventions: Ways of conducting the educational situation by the teacher.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Codification</title>
                    <p>The analysis was carried out using the ELAN software (Version 6.4), 2022. Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Language Archive, Netherlands ELAN, offers in its latest version, the creation of density graphs to identify action sequences that follow participants based on a timeline and the spatial relationships between interactions. Thus, space and time are included in the action, the synchrony or temporal relationship that exists in uses and interactions based on materiality. The coding, inspired by the suggestion described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rodríguez and Moro (1999)</xref>, allowed the systematization of the categories, complemented by the proposals of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Estrada (2019)</xref>. However, it was necessary to make adaptations and create some indicators that would allow us to detail aspects that were unique to this research. It is important to highlight that the categories are constructed emergently, throughout the process, and do not correspond to previously predefined models.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results">
                <title>Results</title>
                <p>Hereafter we show: (1) The figure that describes in a general and global way the categories in the observed educational situation; (2) Figure of the categories and indicators of the teacher’s actions in I, D and E as well as the microgenetic analysis and (3) Categories and indicators of the actions highlighted in three children with the microgenetic analysis in the temporalities in the educational situation (I, D and E) indicating the types of interactions between T, the objects and C1, C2 and C3. It is important to highlight that the three temporal sequences analyzed are initially presented in a general way and are then segmented, reiterating that this exploratory report only seeks to describe and review the data collected in the educational situation.</p>
                <p>Sections were made of a scene whose gross duration was 4’19”. However, based on the defined analysis criteria, the scene analyzed in ELAN was 3’13”860 long. (I) lasted ’53”760, (D) 2’00” 340 and (E) 0’19”918. Data from the scene segments of the introduction, development and end of the task are presented in the tables.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Contextualization of the Scene Examined</title>
                    <p>The scene examined corresponds to the time in which the teacher, after having shared the story “The Three Little Pigs”, ask the children to take a book from the shelf “to read” and after “reading” asks them to go to another school location and draw a picture of the story they “read”.</p>
                    <fig id="f06">
                        <label>Figure 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Global data on the actions of teacher and children C1, C2 and C3 during the educational situation</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf01-en.tif"/>
                        <attrib>Note: C1: Child 1; C2: Child 2; C3: Child 3.</attrib>
                    </fig>
                    <fig id="f07">
                        <label>Table 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Data description of T’s actions during the introduction of the activity</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf02-en.tif"/>
                        <attrib>Note: D: Development; DM: Dimensions of materiality; E: End; I: Introduction; MCA: Meta-communication aspects; T: Teacher.</attrib>
                    </fig>
                    <fig id="f08">
                        <label>Table 2</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Data description of T’s actions during the Development of the activity</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf03-en.tif"/>
                        <attrib>Note: C4: Child 4; DM: Dimensions of materiality; MCA: Meta-communication aspects; T: Teacher.</attrib>
                    </fig>
                    <fig id="f09">
                        <label>Table 3</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>T’s actions during the closure of the activity</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf04-en.tif"/>
                        <attrib>Note: T: Teacher.</attrib>
                    </fig>
                    <p>Categories and indicators present in the teacher’s actions at each moment of the activity (I, D and E), together with a microgenetic description.</p>
                    <p>The categories and indicators identified in the three children’s actions throughout the educational situation will be presented below, accompanied by a qualitative description</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="discussion">
                <title>Discussion</title>
                <p>Data analysis was focused on the three questions described at the beginning of the method’s description. The first question concerns the characteristics of T’s actions during the educational situation reviewed. Thus, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Table 1</xref> we can see that in (I) there are 5 segments (I1 − I5); in this case few gestures are recorded and there are no use of objects by T. The prevalent commands are imperative and declarative affirmative related with Metacommunicative Aspects (MCA) and the Dimensions of Materiality (DM) highlight the place of use, modes of use and reference regarding which objects to use. T does not change position or perform specific interventions with the children. The action orientation is functional: to reproduce the command (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">2</xref>).</p>
                <p>Although there appear to be differences, in (D) the communication pattern is maintained without actions or interactions that would set a common learning and development milestone in children. In general, T passes on commands to perform the “reading” and the children sit and do what they have been told. At the moment (E) T quickly closes the activity, without reflecting on the material used or the implications of the use for children. T does not ask questions that encourage reflection on the children’s own actions throughout the activity.</p>
                <p>T’s silence (from 2’06”804), without gestures and remaining in the same place, does not create semiotic dynamics for children about novelties and variations in the different use of the objects. The intentional absence of suggestions about the object does not cause reflections on the different use or on the creation of novelties regarding the use of books. In turn, T’s interventions reduce the possibilities of developing processes associated with executive functioning (attention, memory and inhibitory control). T’s intentional action could transform the condition of use hic et nunc – leafing through the book − and transforming it into a rich process of learning and actions that would break an immediate use and allow access to symbolic uses and to make-believe, for example. Materiality, especially in the case of books, appears as a resource that creates a link between what is known and opens doors to possible worlds that, even in young children, can already be identified as will be seen in the case of C2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Table 4</xref>).</p>
                <fig id="f10">
                    <label>Table 4</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Description of situations highlighted in Children C1, C2 and C3</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1982-0275-estpsi-42-e230120-gf05-en.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Note:C1: Child 1; C2 :Child 2; C3: Child 3; C5: Child 5; D1: Development segment 1; D3: Development segment 3; DM: Dimensions of materiality; E: End.; I3: Introduction segment 3; MCA: Meta-communication aspects; T: Teacher.</attrib>
                </fig>
                <p>Educational situations must intentionally introduce theoretical/practical elements and materiality (in this case the book) has to be used as a means to promote new semiotic resources, reflection, regulation and cognitive/relational enrichment. This type of interactions and gestures promote reflection, cognitive mobilization and the progressive transfer of control of the object from the teacher to the child. It is worth highlighting that this situation occurs after the time of shared reading, which allowed the possibility of raising questions, inquiries, instigations for children to imagine a reading situation.</p>
                <p>The situation lasted just over 4 minutes and seems to indicate that there was little clarity about its purpose and its insertion at that time. T does not seem to recognize the need to use didactic and semiotic strategies that allow the introduction of objects, which create opacity regarding other uses and possibilities based on materiality. All of this restricts them from becoming objects of study, inquiry and knowledge.</p>
                <p>The book is a cultural object that, in addition to materiality, offers the opportunity to create semiotically alternative worlds, creating the need to infer new things. However, in solitude, the child only makes functional use and is unable to imagine, flex and recreate what the object itself offers. Objects do not explain anything inherent about their use, which is why it can be said that using the object is not enough, there must be a direction from another that intentionally brings to light the tension between change/permanence of actions and uses of this materiality incorporated into the educational situation.</p>
                <p>On the other hand, in the case of children, the data shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Table 4</xref> allow us to infer several aspects involving attention, EF and what happens in micro-moments during classes with young children. C1 (26) presents indicators of long periods of attention ON during the activity. For more than 2 minutes C1 is able to leaf through the book, similar to C3 (31). The use of the object and attention span indicate the relevance that using objects can have in regulating actions in school settings that have many triggers to take the focus away. The lack of interventions on the part of T means that, in the case of C1 and C3 (Segment B of C1 and Segment A of C3 in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Table 4</xref>), the activity is restricted to what they already know how to do: leafing through the book during the time of their activity.</p>
                <p>In the case of C2, there are two very rich situations worth analysis (Segments B and C of C2 in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Table 4</xref>). 1. The type of book the child chose (the book that has a puppet attached to the book) and 2. The proximity of C5 participating in the symbolic use that C2 made of the book/puppet.</p>
                <p>Both aspects expanded the possibilities for C2 to go beyond what the object presented. She used inhibitory control during the situation, made her use of the book more flexible and planned the action of both being “bitten by the monkey” and pretending that she was reading the book together with C5. These data show that C2 goes further and manages to break the here and now condition of leafing through the book to bring new elements that enrich interactions. It is precisely the rupture that leads C5 to see the book and seek interactions with C2.</p>
                <p>The data reviewed in the sections indicate that the use of materiality by children shows indicators of learning and, consequently, of the development of aspects related to executive control and which may be little noticed by adults in the day-to-day life in the classroom. On the other hand, data from this observation also show how EF processes, analyzed in frameworks of high ecological validity, are relevant for further researches, especially in young children, as well as allowing the identification of relevant records about attention, flexibility and inhibitory control. However, it is important to highlight that the data analyzed correspond to a specific section, of a specific case, which limits the possibilities of extending the analyses to greater levels of generalization.</p>
            </sec>
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            <fn-group>
                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p>Financial Support for Researcher of the Postgraduate Program in Education – Professional Modality at the Universidade de Brasília (Internal Call No. 002/2022).</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="other">
                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Rengifo-Herrera, F. J. (2025). When using objects is not enough: microgenetic analysis of an educational situation in early childhood education. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), 42, e230120. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202542e230120en</ext-link></p>
                </fn>
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    </sub-article>
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