Psychometric properties for the General Procrastination Scale (GPS) Brazilian version

Authors

Keywords:

Factor analysis, statistical, Procrastination, Psychometrics

Abstract

Objective
Procrastination has been the subject of studies due to its impact on people’s lives, work performance, satisfaction, and mental health. Measuring this construct is necessary to understand daily life’s direct and indirect effects. The objective of this study was to verify the evidence of validity and reliability of the General Procrastination Scale for the Brazilian context as a method of investigating the phenomenon.
Method
Data were collected from 421 adults, aged between 18 and 64 years and with complete primary education, based on the application of a self-report measurement questionnaire.
Results
The results indicated a unifactorial structure and expected correlations with the external measures.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate the suitability of the scale for measuring procrastination in a Brazilian sample, which places this scale as a possibility of use in research to measure this construct.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2022). The examining psychometric characteristics of academic procrastination scale-short form. Pamukkale Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi-Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 54, 410-425. https://doi.org/109779.pauefd.952291

Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Aufenanger, S., Brähler, E., Dreier, M., Müller, K. W., Quiring, O., Reinecke, L., Schmutzer, G., Stark, B., & Wölfling, K. (2016). Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range – a German representative community study. Plos One, 11(2), e0148054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148054

Chakraborty, R., & Chechi, V. K. (2019, April 19th). Validation of the revised academic procrastination scale–short form in the Indian context [Conference session]. International Conference on “Volatile Consumer Behaviour and Marketing”, Punjab, India. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rajib-Chakraborty5/publication/339602865_Validation_of_the_Revised_Academic_Procrastination_Scale_Short_Form_in_the_Indian_Context/links/5e5bdd52a6fdccbeba1233c1/Validation-of-the-Revised-AcademicProcrastination-Scale-Short-Form-in-the-Indian-Context.pdf

Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep1076878

Correia, R. R., & Moura Júnior, P. J. (2017). Aprendizagem e procrastinação: uma revisão de publicações no período de 2005 a 2015. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 15(2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2017.15.2.006

Costa, H. S., Reis, H. L., Lima, V. L. M. C., Souza, E. T., Oliveira, C. F., & Chirinéa, G. (2022). Eficácia de intervenções não medicamentosas em procrastinação acadêmica: revisão integrativa. Mosaico: Estudos em Psicologia, 10(1), 25-47. https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/mosaico/article/view/33957

Danner, D., Aichholzer, J., & Rammstedt, B. (2015). Acquiescence in personality questionnaires: relevance, domain specificity, and stability. Journal of Research in Personality, 57, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.004

Ferreira, M. C., Valentini, F., Damásio, B. F., Mourão, L., Porto, J. B., Chinelato, R. S. de C., Novaes, V. P., & Pereira, M. M. (2016). Evidências adicionais de validade da UWES-9 em amostras brasileiras. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), 21, 435-445. https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-4669.20160042

Gadosey, C. K., Schnettler, T., Scheunemann, A., Fries, S., & Grunschel, C. (2021). The intraindividual co-occurrence of anxiety and hope in procrastination episodes during exam preparations: an experience sampling study. Learning and Individual Differences, 88, 102013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102013

Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: the role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062

Gonçalves, A. P., Zuanazzi, A. C., Salvador, A. P., & Jaloto, A. (2023). Evidências de validade para o Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7). Revista Psicologia e Saúde, 15(1), e15101743. https://doi.org/10.20435/pssa.v15i1.1743

Gustavson, D. E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014). Genetic relations among procrastination, impulsivity, and goal-management ability: implications for the evolutionary origin of procrastination. Psychological Science, 25, 1178-1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614526260

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Johansson, F., Rozental, A., Edlund, K., Côté, P., Sundberg, T., Onell, C., Rudman, A., & Skillgate, E. (2023). Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2249346. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346

Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038

Kim, S., Fernandez, S., & Terrier, L. (2017). Procrastination, personality traits, and academic performance: when active and passive procrastination tell a different story. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.021

Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination: when good things don’t come to those who wait. European Psychologist, 18(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000138

Krispenz, A., Gort, C., Schültke, L., & Dickhäuser, O. (2019). How to reduce test anxiety and academic procrastination through inquiry of cognitive appraisals: a pilot study investigating the role of academic self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1917. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01917

Lechner, C. M., & Rammstedt, B. (2015). Cognitive ability, acquiescence, and the structure of personality in a sample of older adults. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1301-1310. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000151

Lodha, P., Sharma, A., Dsouza, G., Marathe, I., Dsouza, S., Rawal, S., Pandya, V., & De Sousa, A. (2019). General procrastination scale: development of validity and reliability. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.5530/ijmedph.2019.3.19

Martins, G. H., Valentini, F., Bonfá-Araujo, B., Ferraz, A. S., Otoni, F., & Gonçalves, A. P. (2023). Comparison of methods for controlling acquiescence bias in balanced and unbalanced scales. Psico-USF, 28(4), 651-667. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712023280401

McCloskey, J. D. (2011). Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-S) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t89206-000

Metin, U. B., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2018). Correlates of procrastination and performance at work: the role of having “good fit”. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(3), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2018.1470187

Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., Peeters, M. C., Korpinen, M., Smrke, U., Razum, J., Kolářová, M., Baykova, R., & Gaioshko, D. (2019). Validation of the Procrastination at Work Scale: a seven-language study. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(5), 767.

Nomura, M., & Ferrari, J. R. (2021). The Japanese Version of the General Procrastination Scale: factor structure differences in an Asian population. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 10(5), 160-164. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20211005.11

Oguchi, M., Takahashi, T., Nitta, Y., & Kumano, H. (2023). Moderating effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency on the relationship between delay discounting and procrastination in young adulthood. Heliyon, 9(4), e14834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14834

Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018). The relationship between trait procrastination, internet use, and psychological functioning: results from a community sample of German adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913

Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018). Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.003

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Siqueira, M. M. M. (2008). Satisfação no trabalho. In M. M. M. Siqueira (Org.), Medidas do comportamento organizacional: ferramentas de diagnóstico e gestão (pp. 265-274). Artmed.

Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011

Soares, K. S., A., Lins de Holanda Coelho, G., Alves Freires, L., & Nunes da Fonseca, P. (2022). Psychometric Properties of the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) in Brazil. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(5), 634-648.

Sousa, T. V., Viveiros, V., Chai, M. V., Vicente, F. L., Jesus, G., Carnot, M. J., Gordo, A. C., & Ferreira, P. L. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0244-2

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J., & Neufeld, R. W. J. (2010). “I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.028

Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential selfregulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: an epidemiological study of procrastinators’ characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.6510.1002/per.1851

Steel, P., Taras, D., Ponak, A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. (2022). Self-regulation of slippery deadlines: the role of procrastination in work performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 6278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783789

Valentini, F. (2017). Influência e controle da aquiescência na análise fatorial. Avaliação Psicológica, 16(2), 120-123. https://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2017.1602.ed

Wang, J., Li, C., Meng, X., & Liu, D. (2021). Validation of the Chinese version of the procrastination at work scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 726595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726595

Yockey, R. D. (2016). Validation of the Short Form of the Academic Procrastination Scale. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294115626825

Zanon, C., Lessa, J. P. A., & Dellazzana-Zanon, L. L. (2018). Aquiescência em autorrelatos de personalidade: uma comparação de métodos. Avaliação Psicológica, 17(4), 428-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2018.1704.3.03

Published

2025-06-30

How to Cite

Chirinéa, G., Gonçalves, A. P., Lima, V. L. M. C., Santos, A. L. M., de Almeida, C. P., & Lodha, P. (2025). Psychometric properties for the General Procrastination Scale (GPS) Brazilian version. Psychological Studies (Campinas), 42. Retrieved from https://puccampinas.emnuvens.com.br/estpsi/article/view/16390

Issue

Section

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT