Meanings of breast cancer treatment for lesbian women and their intimate partners

Authors

Keywords:

Breast cancer, Breast neoplasms, Homosexuality, female, Sexual and gender minorities, Women’s health

Abstract

Objective
Among women at risk of developing breast cancer, lesbians tend to have their health needs neglected, which calls for the development of strategies that are sensitive to their specific demands. This qualitative study aimed to understand the meanings that lesbian women with breast cancer and their intimate partners attribute to the treatment.
Method
This is a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory study with a cross-sectional design, grounded in gender studies as the theoretical framework. Participants included seven women (four with a breast cancer diagnosis and three intimate partners). Episodic narrative interviews were conducted individually using a topic guide. Transcribed data were coded through thematic analysis, with emerging themes interpreted within the gender studies framework.
Results
Six themes described the meanings that women with cancer constructed for their treatment and eight themes outlined the meanings assigned by their companions.
Conclusion
The treatment was experienced with distinct meanings by patients and their intimate partners, yet all converged on the perception of the experience as a limiting situation – one that not only tested their tolerance for pain and frustration but also forced them to confront the fragility of the human condition.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. (2016). Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. https://abep.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01_cceb_2016_11_04_16_final.pdf

Boehmer, U., Glickman, M., Winter, M., & Clark, M. A. (2013). Long-term breast cancer survivors’ symptoms and morbidity: differences by sexual orientation? Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 7(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-012-0260-8

Boehmer, U., Glickman, M., Winter, M., & Clark, M. A. (2014). Coping and benefit finding among long-term breast cancer survivors of different sexual orientations. Women & Therapy, 37(3-4), 222-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2014.897548

Boehmer, U., Ozonoff, A., Timm, A., Winter, M., & Potter, J. (2014). After breast cancer: sexual functioning of sexual minority survivors. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(6), 681-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.772087

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Brown, M. T., & McElroy, J. A. (2018). Sexual and gender minority breast cancer patients choosing bilateral mastectomy without reconstruction: “I now have a body that fits me”. Women & Health, 58(4), 403-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2017.1310169

Cabral, K., Pereira, I., Almeida, L., Nogueira, W., Silva, F., Costa, L., Jales, R., & Almeida, S. (2019). Assistência de enfermagem às mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais. Revista de Enfermagem UFPE, 13(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v13i1a237896p79-85-2019

Cammarota, M. C., Campos, A. C., Faria, C. A. D. C., Santos, G. C., Barcelos, L. D. P., Dias, R. C. S., Mendonça, F. T., & Daher, J. C. (2019). Qualidade de vida e resultado estético após mastectomia e reconstrução mamária. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, 34(1), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.5935/2177-1235.2019RBCP0008

Catania, A. M., Scerri, C. S., & Catania, G. J. (2019). Men’s experience of their partners’ breast cancer diagnosis, breast surgery and oncological treatment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(9-10), 1899-1910. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14800

Cavaler, C. M., & Beiras, A. (2022). Sobre-viver na teia de poderes: do controle sobre a vida ao direito sobre a morte dos corpos femininos. Interação em Psicologia, 26(3), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.5380/riep.v26i3.77172

Cesnik, V. M., & Santos, M. A. (2012). Mastectomia e sexualidade: uma revisão integrativa. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25(2), 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000200016

Cesnik, V. M., Vieira, E. M. V., Giami, A., Almeida, A. M., Santos, D. B., & Santos, M. A. (2013). The sexual life of women with breast cancer: meanings attributed to the diagnosis and its impact on sexuality. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 30(2), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-166X2013000200005

Conselho Nacional de Saúde (Brasil). (2012). Resolução no 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012. Diário Oficial da União, seção 1, 59 Brasília. http://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/Reso466.pdf

Dua, P., Heiland. M. F., Kracen, A. C., & Deshields, T. L. (2017). Cancer-related hair loss: a selective review of the alopecia research literature. Psycho-Oncology, 26, 438-443. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4039

Duman, N. B., & Yildirim, F. (2022). Gynecological and breast cancer risk factors and screenings in lesbian and bisexual women. Universa Medicina, 41(2), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.184-193

Flick, U. (2009). Introdução à pesquisa qualitativa (3rd ed.). Artmed.

Fontanella, B. J. B., Luchesi, B. M., Saidel, M. G. B., Ricas, J., Turato, E. R., & Melo, D. G. (2011). Amostragem em pesquisas qualitativas: proposta de procedimentos para constatar saturação teórica. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27(2), 388-394. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000200020

Hamama-Raz, Y., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Roziner, I., Perry, S., & Stemmer, S. M. (2019). Can posttraumatic growth after breast cancer promote positive coping? A cross-lagged study. Psycho-Oncology, 28(4), 767-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5017

Hirschle, T. M. R., Maciel, S. C., & Amorim, G. K. (2018). Representações sociais sobre o corpo e satisfação sexual de mulheres mastectomizadas e seus parceiros. Trends in Psychology, 26(1), 457-468. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2018.1-18Pt

Inocenti, A., Santos, M. A., Loyola, E. A. C., Magalhães, P. A. P., & Panobianco, M. S. (2016). Impact of the effects of the reconstructive surgery in the life of women with breast cancer. Texto & Contexto – Enfermagem, 25(2), e4520014. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016004520014

Instituto Nacional do Câncer (Brasil). (2022, June 4). Câncer de mama: o câncer de mama é caracterizado pelo crescimento de células cancerígenas. https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer/cancer-de-mama

Jahn, J. L., Bishop, R. A., Tan, A. S. L., & Agénor, M. (2019). Patient-provider sexually transmitted infection prevention communication among young adult sexual minority cisgender women and nonbinary assigned female at birth individuals. Women’s Health Issues, 29(4), 308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.01.002

Jennings, L., Barcelos, C., McWilliams, C., & Malecki, K. (2019). Inequalities in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health and health care access and utilization in Wisconsin. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14, e100864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100864

Leal, L. N., Santos, M. A., & Barsotti-Santos, D. (2024). Experiências de usuários LGBT na construção da Política Municipal de Saúde. Interação em Psicologia, 28(2), 154-163. https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/riep.v28i2.84934

Moon, Z., Moss-Morris, R., Hunter, M. S., Norton, S., & Hughes, L. D. (2019). Nonadherence to tamoxifen in breast cancer survivors: a 12 month longitudinal analysis. Health Psychology, 38(10), 888-899. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000785

Neris, R. R., Zago, M. M. F., Ribeiro, M. Â., Porto, J. P., & Anjos, A. C. Y. (2018). Experience of the spouse of a woman with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a qualitative case study. Escola Anna Nery, 22(4), e20180025. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2018-0025

Rego, A., Cunha, M. P., & Meyer, V., Jr. (2019). Quantos participantes são necessários para um estudo qualitativo? Linhas práticas de orientação. Revista de Gestão dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, 17(2), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.12660/rgplp.v17n2.2018.78224

Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(4), 631-660. https://doi.org/10.1086/493756

Rodrigues, E. C. G., Neris, R. R., Nascimento, L. C., Oliveira-Cardoso, É. A., & Santos, M. A. (2022). Body image experience of women with breast cancer: a meta-synthesis. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 36(4), 1015-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.13102

Rossi, L., & Santos, M. A. (2003). Repercussões psicológicas do adoecimento e tratamento em mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 23(4), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-98932003000400006

Santos, D. B., Santos, M. A., & Vieira, E. M. (2014). Sexualidade e câncer de mama: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Saúde & Sociedade, 23(4), 1342-1355. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902014000400018

Santos, D. B., Ford, N. J., Santos, M., & Vieira, E. M. (2014). Breast cancer and sexuality: the impacts of breast cancer treatment on the sex lives of women in Brazil. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(3), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2013.867075

Santos, D. B., Santos, M. A., Cesnik-Geest, V. M., & Vieira, E. M. (2016). Interrupção e retomada da vida sexual após o câncer de mama. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 32(4), e324219. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e324219

Santos, M. A., Minari, A. B., & Oliveira-Cardoso, E. A. (2024). Lesbian and bisexual couples experiencing dual motherhood: (dis)encounters in the provision of healthcare. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 29(4), e19732023. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232024294.19732023EN

Santos, M. A., Peres, R. S., Ferreira, S. M. A., Gozzo, T. O., Panobianco, M. S., & Almeida, A. M. (2013). A (in) sustentável leveza dos vínculos afetivos: investigando a sexualidade em mulheres que enfrentam o tratamento do câncer de mama. Vínculo: Revista do NESME, 10(1), 1-8.

Santos, M. A., & Souza, C. (2019). Intervenções grupais para mulheres com câncer de mama: desafios e possibilidades. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 35, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35410

Schreier, A. M., Johnson, L. A., Vohra, N. A., Muzaffar, M., & Kyle, B. (2019). Post-treatment symptoms of pain, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Pain Management Nursing, 20(2), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2018.09.005

Scott, J. W. (1986). Gender: a useful category of historical analysis. The American Historical Review, 91(5), 1053-1075. https://doi.org/10.2307/1864376

Secretaria de Políticas para as Mulheres. (2014). Atenção Integral à Saúde de Mulheres Lésbicas e Bissexuais. Ministério da Saúde. https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/politicas-para-mulheres/arquivo/sobre/publicacoes/publicacoes/2014/livreto-atencao-a-saude-de-mulheres-lesbicasversao-web.pdf

Silva, G., & Santos, M. A. (2008). “Será que não vai acabar nunca?”: perscrutando o universo do pós-tratamento do câncer de mama. Texto & Contexto – Enfermagem, 17(3), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000300018

Silva, G., & Santos, M. A. (2010). Stressors in breast cancer post-treatment: a qualitative approach. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 18(4), 688-695. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692010000400005

Souto, K., & Moreira, M. R. (2021). Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher: protagonismo do movimento de mulheres. Saúde em Debate, 45(130), 832-846. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104202113020

Souza, B. F., Moraes, J. A. M., Inocenti, A., Santos, M. A., Silva, A. E. B. C., & Miasso, A. I. (2014). Women with breast cancer taking chemotherapy: depression symptoms and treatment adherence. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22(5), 866-873. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3564.2491

Souza, C., & Santos, M. A. (2021). Câncer de mama e homossexualidade feminina: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Psico, 52(2), e-36109. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2021.2.36109

Souza, C., & Santos, M. A. (2023). Saúde de mulheres bissexuais: análise da produção científica nacional na pós-graduação. Psicologia Clínica, 35(1), 15-38. https://doi.org/10.33208/PC1980-5438v0035n01A01

Souza, C., & Santos, M. A. (2024). Breast cancer: meanings attributed by lesbian women and their partners to healthcare. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 34, e3405. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3405

Souza, C., Britowe, K., & Santos, M. A. (2024). “I didn’t choose to have my breast removed”: Brazilian lesbian/bisexual women’s journey through breast cancer. In: C. Pracana & M. Wang (Eds.), Psychological applications and trends 2024 (pp. 714-718). inScience Press.

Souza, C., Oliveira-Cardoso, E., Oliveira, W., Nascimento, L., Araújo, J., Leite, A. C., Neris, R., Risk, E., Braga, I., & Santos, M. A. (2021). Violência contra mulheres lésbicas/bissexuais e vulnerabilidade em saúde: revisão da literatura. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 22(1), 450-466. https://doi.org/10.15309/21psd220210

Souza, C., Santos, A. V. S. L., Rodrigues, E. C. G., & Santos, M. A. (2021). Experience of sexuality in women with gynecological cancer: meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Cancer Investigation, 39(8), 607-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/07357907.2021.1912079

Trusson, D., & Pilnick, A. (2017). The role of hair loss in cancer identity: perceptions of chemotherapy-induced alopecia among women treated for early-stage breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Nursing, 40(2), E9-E16. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000373

Vidotti, J. F., Scorsolini-Comin, F., & Santos, M. A. (2013). Qualidade de vida em sobreviventes de longo prazo ao câncer de mama: Análise da produção científica. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 15(3), 49-68. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-36872013000300004&lng=pt&tlng=pt

Vieira, E. M., Ford, N. J., Santos, M. A., Junqueira, L. C. U., & Giami, A. (2013). Representations of nurses regardind sexuality of women treated for breast cancer in Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 29(10), 2049-2056. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00158512

Vieira, E. M., Santos, D. B., Santos, M. A., & Giami, A. (2014). Experience of sexuality after breast cancer: A qualitative study with women in rehabilitation. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22(3), 408-414. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3258.2431

Volkmer, C., Santos, E. K. A. D., Erdmann, A. L., Sperandio, F. F., Backes, M. T. S., & Honório, G. J. D. S. (2019). Reconstrução mamária sob a ótica de mulheres submetidas à mastectomia: uma metaetnografia. Texto & Contexto – Enfermagem, 28, e20160442. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2016-0442

Wheldon, C. W., Roberts, M. C., & Boehmer, U. (2019). Differences in coping with breast cancer between lesbian and heterosexual women: a life course perspective. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(8), 1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.6940

White, J. L., & Boehmer, U. (2012). Long-term breast cancer survivors’ perceptions of support from female partners: an exploratory study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 39(2), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1188/12.ONF.210-217

Yoshimochi, L. T. B., Santos, M. A., Loyola, E. A. C., Magalhães, P. A. P., & Panobianco, M. S. (2018). The experience of the partners of women with breast cancer. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 52, e03366. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017025203366

Published

2025-07-08

How to Cite

Souza, C., & Santos, M. A. (2025). Meanings of breast cancer treatment for lesbian women and their intimate partners. Psychological Studies (Campinas), 42. Retrieved from https://puccampinas.emnuvens.com.br/estpsi/article/view/16461