Burnout Syndrome and emotional work in military police
a hierarchical dyadic analysis
Keywords:
Burnout Syndrome, Emotions, Employee, Leadership, PoliceAbstract
Objective
To verify whether emotional work (emotional demands, emotional dissonance) affects both the leader and the subordinate (dyad) in the manifestation of the Burnout Syndrome in military police officers.
Method
Participants were 76 dyads (leader-subordinate) who answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic and work data, the Spanish Burnout Inventory, a subscale of the Work Experience and Assessment Questionnaire and a subscale of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scale. Analyses were performed using the player-partner interdependence model through path analysis.
Results
It was found that emotional dissonance predicts Burnout Syndrome in leaders. In subordinates, the prediction of the syndrome was based on the variables emotional dissonance of leaders as well as on the emotional dissonance, and emotional demands. The results show that there is a cross-relationship in the dyad between emotional dissonance and Burnout Syndrome.
Conclusion
Institutional initiatives are required to avoid the negative consequences of emotional labor.
Downloads
References
Aguwa, E. N., Udeh, S. O., & Onwasigwe, C. N. (2022). Workplace burnout and psychological health of military personnel in a Nigerian barrack. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 31, 302-308. https://doi.org/10.4103/NJM.NJM_31_22
Alves, L., Abreo, L., Petkari, E., & Costa, M. P. (2023). Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 332, 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.081
Alves, J. S. C., Bendassolli, P. F., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2017). Trabalho emocional como preditor de burnout entre policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 35(3), 459-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.4505
Atias, D., Machluf-Biton, M., Lior, Y., Ohayon, O., & Antonovsky, A. (2022). Coping mechanisms and burnout among checkpoint soldiers in the IDF: a salutogenic perspective. Health Promotion International, daac051. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac051
Baek, H., Han, S., & Seepersad, R. (2022). The impact of social support and occupational stress on burnout in the Trinidad and Tobago police service. Police Quarterly, 25(3), 310-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111211036007
Barcellos, C., & Xavier, D. R. (2022). As diferentes fases, os seus impactos e os desafios da pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil. Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação & Inovação em Saúde, 16(2), 221-226. https://doi.org/10.29397/reciis.v16i2.3349
Bakker, A. B., & Heuven, E. (2006). Emotional dissonance, burnout, and in-role performance among nurses and police officers. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.423
Bakker, A. B., & Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695
Campos, S. C. D. C., Gondim, S. M. G., & Ferreira, A. D. S. M. (2021). Expressão de raiva e desempenho: testando modelos de moderação. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 37, e373512. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e373512
Chiang, J., Chen, X.-P., Liu, H., Satoshi, A., & Zheng, W. (2020) We have emotions but can’t show them! Authoritarian leadership, emotion suppression climate, and team performance. Human Relations, 74(7), 1082-1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726720908649
Chullen, C. L. (2014). How does supervisor burnout affect leader-member exchange? A dyadic perspective. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 13(5), 1113-1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i5.8777
Cook, W. L., & Kenny, D. A. (2005). The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model: a model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000405
Dias, C. N., & Andrade, V. L. P. (2020). A relação entre a síndrome de burnout e o policial militar brasileiro. Cadernos de Psicologia, 2(4), 186-209. https://seer.uniacademia.edu.br/index.php/cadernospsicologia/article/view/2837
Doherty, R. W., Orimoto, L., Singelis, T. M., Hatfield, E., & Hebb, J. (1995). Emotional contagion: Gender and occupational differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(3), 355-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00080.x
Edú-Valsania, S., Laguía, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Burnout: a review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780
Elfenbein, H. A. (2023). Emotion in organizations: theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 489-517. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-035940
Emerson, R. W. (2023). Effect size interpretation using R² values in regression analysis. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 117(2), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X231166596
Gil-Monte, P. R. (2005). El síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (burnout). Una enfermedad laboral en la sociedad del bienestar. Pirâmide.
Gil-Monte, P. R. (2011). CESQT: cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo: manual. TEA.
Gil-Monte, P. R., Carlotto, M. S., & Câmara, S. G. (2010). Validação da versão brasileira do “Cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo” em professores. Revista de Saúde Pública, 44(1), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000100015
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95
Guedes, H. D., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2020). Trabalho emocional e engajamento no trabalho em policiais militares. Quaderns de Psicologia, 22(2), e1584. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1584
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96-99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20182211
Herrmann, A., Glaser, J., & Greitemeyer, T. (2023). Spillover and crossover effects of exposure to work-related aggression and adversities: a dyadic diary study. Aggressive Behavior, 49(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22056
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart. University of California Press.
Kafetsios, K., Nezlek, J. B., & Vassilakou, T. (2012) Relationships between leaders’ and subordinates’ emotion regulation and satisfaction and affect at work. Journal of Social Psychology, 152(4), 436-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.632788
Kenworthy, J., Fay, C., Frame, M., & Petree, R. (2014). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(2), 94-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12211
Kim, T. J., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Eckardt, R., Cheongc, M., Tsai, C.-Y., Guo, J., & Park, J. W. (2020). Stateof- the-science review of leader-follower dyads research. Leadership Quarterly, 31, 101306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101306
Lennie, S.-J., Sarah, E. C., & Sutton, A. (2020). Robocop - The depersonalisation of police officers and their emotions: a diary study of emotional labor and burnout in front line British police officers. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 61, 100365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.100365
Moin, M. F., Omar, M. K., Wei, F., Rasheed, M. I., & Hameed, Z. (2021). Green HRM and psychological safety: how transformational leadership drives follower’s job satisfaction. Current Issues Tourism, 24, 2269-2277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829569
Oliveira, K. L., & Santos, L. M. (2010). Percepção da saúde mental em policiais militares da forçatática e de rua. Sociologias, 12(25), 224-250. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-45222010000300009
Parent-Lamarche, A., & Biron, C. (2022). When bosses are burned out: Psychosocial safety climate and its effect on managerial quality. International Journal of Stress Management, 29(3), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000252
Paschoal, A. C. (2022). Reflexos institucionais: perspectivas, desafios e ameaças relacionadas a atividade fim da Polícia Militar. Brazilian Journal of Development, 8(3), 18576-18591. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n3-205
Pujol-Cols, L., Dabos, G. E., & Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2021). Individual differences and emotional labor: the effects of core self-evaluations on depersonalization. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.2
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1987). Expression of emotion as part of the work role. The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/257991
Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). (1997). Lei Complementar nº 10.992, de 18 de agosto de 1997. Dispõe sobre a carreira dos servidores militares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial do Estado: Porto Alegre.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Iavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/JSS.V048.I02
Santos, D. N., Marley, R. M. A., & Marques, E. C. (2020). Influência da socialização organizacional sobre o comprometimento organizacional: um estudo de caso na Polícia Militar de Sergipe. Administração Pública e Gestão Social, 12(4), https://doi.org/10.21118/apgs.v12i4.7984
Santos, F. B., Lourenção, L. G., Vieira, E., Ximenes Neto, F. R. G., Oliveira, A. M. N., Oliveira, J. F., Borges, M. A., & Arroyo, T. R. (2021). Estresse ocupacional e engajamento no trabalho entre policiais militares. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(12), 5987-5996. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320212612.1478202
Santos, L. R. (2022). Os desafios da saúde psicológica dos policiais militares. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, 8(09), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.51891/rease.v8i9.6856
Santos, T. B. R., Souza, E. A., & Alves, F. R. (2022). Lack of professional recognition: main reason for stress in military police. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 20(3), 438-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2022-749
Scott, K. A., & Zweig, D. (2021). We’re in this together: a dyadic approach to organizational cynicism, leadermember exchange, and performance. Human Performance, 34(4), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2021.1929234
Sentone, R. G. (2023). Segurança pública e Polícia Militar: uma revisão sistemática. Brazilian Applied Science Review, 7(1), 169-264. https://doi.org/10.34115/basrv7n1-012
Schaible, L. M., & Six, M. (2016). Emotional strategies of police and their varying consequences for Burnout. Police Quarterly, 19(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604448
Souza, R. C. C., Greco, P. B. T., Luz, E. M. F., Machado, L. M., Fenner, D., & Paludett, M. V. (2022). Prevalência de estresse ocupacional e distúrbios psíquicos menores em militares. Revista Científica de Enfermagem, 12(40),1 42-152. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2022.12.40.142-152
Stogner, J., Miller, B. L., & McLean, K. (2020). Police stress, mental health, and resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 718-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09548-y
Taube, M. E. (2022). Síndrome de Burnout em líderes e subordinados [Tese de doutorado não publicada]. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos.
van Veldhoven, M., De Jonge, J., Broersen, S., Kompier, M., & Meijman, T. (2002). Specific relationships between psychosocial job conditions and job related stress: a three-level analytic approach. Work and Stress, 16, 207-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370210166399
Yang, C., & Chen, A. (2021). Emotional labor: a comprehensive literature review. Human Systems Management 40, 479-501. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-200937
Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, S. (2019). Authoritarian leadership and task performance: the effects of leader-member exchange and dependence on leader. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 13(19), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-019-0066-x
Zapf, D., Seifert, C., Schmutte, B., Mertini, H., & Holz, M. (2001). Emotion work and job stressors and their effects on burnout. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405525
Zapf, D., Mertini, H., Seifert, C., Vogt, C., & Isic, A. (1999). Frankfurt Emotion Work Scales – Frankfurter Skalenzur Emotionsarbeit FEWS 3.0. Department of Psychology, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Michelle Engers Taube, Mary Sandra Carlotto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
