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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">estpsi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Estud. psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">0103-166X</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1982-0275</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00200</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIÊ | Temas em Dependências Comportamentais</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Uso excessivo de internet e smartphone e problemas emocionais em estudantes de psicologia e psicólogos</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0111-8935</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Andrade</surname>
                        <given-names>André Luiz Monezi</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">concepção</role>
                    <role>design</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">aquisição de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">data analyses</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">elaboraram o manuscrito</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4034-1251</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Scatena</surname>
                        <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">concepção</role>
                    <role>design</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">aquisição de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">elaboraram o manuscrito</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9554-6564</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Bedendo</surname>
                        <given-names>André</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análises de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5555-5116</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Machado</surname>
                        <given-names>Wagner de Lara</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análises de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3146-8197</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Oliveira</surname>
                        <given-names>Wanderlei Abadio de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4853-7670</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Lopes</surname>
                        <given-names>Fernanda Machado</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8546-4354</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Micheli</surname>
                        <given-names>Denise De</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">concepção</role>
                    <role>design</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">aquisição de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisaram</role>
                    <role>concordaram com a versão final do artigo</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ciências da Vida</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Escola de Ciências da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Psicobiologia</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Psicobiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff03">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">University of York, Mental Health and Addiction Research Group</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Health Sciences</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Heslington</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">York</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="US">United Kingdom</country>
                <institution content-type="original">University of York, Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences. Heslington, York, United Kingdom.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff04">
                <label>4</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff05">
                <label>5</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editores responsáveis</label>
                    <p>Solange Muglia Wechsler, Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflito de interesses</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c01">Correspondência para: A.L.M. ANDRADE. E-mail: <email>andre.andrade@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>.</corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <elocation-id>e210010</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>25</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>31</day>
                    <month>08</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>02</day>
                    <month>06</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de dependência de internet, seus principais preditores e a associação com problemas emocionais em estudantes de psicologia (<italic>n</italic> = 1.916) e psicólogos (<italic>n</italic> = 4.359).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Método</title>
                    <p>Os indivíduos preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e outros instrumentos específicos. Observou-se que 9,3% dos estudantes e 4,0% dos psicólogos foram detectados com uso excessivo de internet.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>Todos os participantes com uso excessivo de internet apresentaram uma frequência significativamente maior de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse, e estes problemas foram preditores para a dependência de internet somente entre os psicólogos.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>Compreender o padrão de dependência de internet pode ajudar no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas específicas para esses indivíduos.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
                <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
                <kwd>Internet</kwd>
                <kwd>Smartphone</kwd>
                <kwd>Vício</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
                    <award-id>001</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</funding-source>
                    <award-id>303163/2020-8</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (Código de financiamento 001); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (303163/2020-8).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
            <counts>
                <fig-count count="2"/>
                <table-count count="8"/>
                <equation-count count="0"/>
                <ref-count count="26"/>
            </counts>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <p>O aumento no uso das mídias digitais é um fenômeno global decorrente de novos modos de interação entre as pessoas. Atualmente, o Brasil é o terceiro país na quantidade de tempo gasto diariamente na internet, segundo dados do <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><italic>World Wide Web Foundation</italic> (2016)</xref>. Além disso, o país é o segundo colocado em termos de tempo gasto por estudantes usando a internet fora do ambiente escolar (3,1 h/dia). Por exemplo, 26% desses estudantes permanecem conectados na internet mais do que 6 horas diárias, de acordo com a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><italic>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</italic> (2017)</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso excessivo de internet pode levar ao desenvolvimento de vários problemas de saúde, como a Dependência de Internet (DI). Alguns autores observaram maior prevalência de DI em adultos jovens comparados a adultos mais velhos. Na Coreia do Sul, a prevalência de DI entre os adolescentes e adultos foi de 12% e 8%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>). Em universitários, a prevalência de DI é muito heterogênea, especialmente na América Latina, com taxas variando entre 51% do Equador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ramos-Galarza et al., 2018</xref>) e 25% na Colômbia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Buitrago et al., 2016</xref>). No Brasil, dois estudos indicaram a prevalência de 21% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Terres-Trindade &amp; Mosmann, 2016)</xref> até 62% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Della-Méa et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
        <p>A despeito das taxas de prevalência de DI entre adolescentes e adultos jovens, somente alguns autores investigaram os impactos da DI na saúde de profissionais. Em um deles, observou-se uma prevalência de 11, 4% de DI entre profissionais da saúde, considerando que 50,9% desses profissionais apresentaram alto risco para síndrome de burnout (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci &amp; Sahin, 2017</xref>). Levando em conta estudantes de psicologia, 8,6% de uma universidade peruana (<italic>N</italic> = 418) foram considerados dependentes de Facebook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wolniczak et al., 2013</xref>). Além disso, aqueles com DI apresentaram maior risco de terem problemas de sono (a<italic>OR</italic> = 1,3; 95% CI: 1,04-1,67).</p>
        <p>A associação entre a DI e problemas emocionais tem sido investigada principalmente entre adolescentes. Diversos estudos brasileiros têm avaliado associação entre a DI e problemas mentais em estudantes. Della-Méa et al. (2016) não observaram associações significantes entre a DI e ansiedade, depressão e stress. Em relação à população adulta, ainda não existem estudos brasileiros. Considerando os poucos estudos no Brasil em relação à DI, é essencial investigar o uso das mídias digitais e seus impactos social e emocional especialmente entre universitários e profissionais de saúde, os quais trabalham diretamente no campo da saúde mental.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, este estudo teve por objetivo: (i) investigar a prevalência de DI e o padrão de uso de smartphones em uma amostra brasileira de psicólogos e estudantes de psicologia; (ii) avaliar associação entre a DI e os seguintes problemas: depressão, ansiedade, estresse e satisfação com a vida; (iii) comparar o padrão de uso de smartphones e os níveis de DI entre psicólogos e estudantes de psicologia; (iv) analisar a influência direta e indireta dos preditores de DI a partir de um modelo de análise de rede.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Método</title>
            <sec>
                <title>Participantes</title>
                <p>Trata-se de um estudo exploratório composto por estudantes de psicologia (<italic>n</italic> = 1.916) e psicólogos (<italic>n</italic> = 4.359) que preencheram um questionário online. Os participantes foram recrutados a partir de diferentes estratégias de divulgação, de acordo com o perfil específico da amostra. Quanto aos estudantes, o link do estudo foi publicado em diversas redes sociais. Esse link também foi enviado para vários coordenadores de cursos de graduação em Psicologia, de modo que pudesse ser divulgado entre os alunos. Quanto aos psicólogos, o Departamento Institucional de Comunicação da Instituição publicou um link nas redes sociais e enviou e-mails diretamente aos psicólogos, a partir de um cadastro prévio de participantes em congressos científicos promovidos pela instituição.</p>
                <p>Os critérios de inclusão foram os seguintes: 1) ser estudante de Psicologia em qualquer ano ou graduado nesta área; 2) e ter um smartphone e acessar a internet pelo menos uma vez por semana.</p>
                <p>Do total da amostra, 232 indivíduos (<italic>n</italic> = 62 estudantes; <italic>n</italic> = 170 psicólogos) foram excluídos porque reportaram não acessar a internet pelo menos uma vez por semana ou não tinham smartphone. A amostra final consistiu em 6.275 participantes.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Instrumentos</title>
                <p><italic>Questionário sociodemográfico</italic>: contendo os seguintes itens: renda, estado civil, nível de escolaridade (somente entre psicólogos), região em que reside, tipo de universidade (pública ou privada) e os métodos mais comuns utilizados para o acesso à internet. Também foram incluídas cinco questões específicas a respeito do uso de smartphone. Esse questionário foi baseado em estudos prévios da literatura acerca da questão aqui tratada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
                <p><italic>Internet Addiction Test</italic> (IAT): tem por objetivo avaliar a severidade da DI a partir de 20 questões. No Brasil, o IAT foi adaptado e validado com alta consistência interna (α = 0,85) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Conti et al, 2012</xref>). O IAT classifica os participantes em três grupos: Usuários sem Risco (NRU; 0-19 pontos); Usuários de Baixo risco (LRU; 20-49 pontos); Usuários de Risco e Alto Risco (RHU, 50-100 pontos). Essa classificação foi baseada em estudos prévios da literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Andrade et al., 2021</xref>; Andrade, Scatena, Bedendo, et al., 2020; Andrade, Scatena, Martins, et al., 2020).</p>
                <p><italic>Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale</italic> (DASS-21): consiste em 21 itens utilizando uma escala do tipo likert. O peso dos itens foi adaptado para ajustar a pontuação final da escala, seguindo instruções de outros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vignola &amp; Tucci, 2014</xref>). Os participantes foram classificados em uma das 3 categorias para cada um dos sintomas, conforme descrição a seguir: (i) Depressão, “Sem Risco” (0-9 points), “Risco Moderado” (10-20 pontos) ou “Alto Risco” (acima de 21 pontos); (ii) Ansiedade, “Sem Risco” (0-7 pontos), “Risco Moderado” (8-14 pontos) ou “ Alto Risco “ (acima de 15 pontos); (iii) Estresse, “ Sem Risco “ (0-14 pontos), “ Risco Moderado “ (15-25 pontos) ou “ Alto Risco “ (acima de 26 pontos). O DASS-21 foi adaptado e validado no Brasil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vignola &amp; Tucci, 2014</xref>) com alta consistência interna para as três subescalas (α = 0,92 para depressão, α = 0,86 para ansiedade, e α = 0,90 para estresse).</p>
                <p><italic>Satisfaction With Life Scale</italic> (SWLS): avalia a qualidade de vida em questões do tipo likert (1 a 7 pontos). Os participantes foram classificados em três categorias: Insatisfeitos (5-14 pontos); Satisfeitos (15-25 pontos); ou Muito Satisfeitos (26-35 pontos).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Procedimentos</title>
                <p>Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo piloto com estudantes (<italic>n</italic> = 20) e psicólogos (<italic>n</italic> = 20) para avaliar as funcionalidades da plataforma e identificar potenciais problemas técnicos na coleta dos dados. Os dados desses participantes não foram considerados nas análises finais. Foram detectados alguns problemas em relação ao preenchimento dos itens, erros de sintaxe e alguns bugs quanto ao acesso à base de dados, sendo certo que todos os contratempos foram solucionados antes do início da coleta de dados. Em seguida, um link do questionário foi publicado a partir das estratégias acima descritas, e a pesquisa ficou disponível na plataforma durante 6 meses. O questionário online poderia ser preenchido a partir de diferentes dispositivos, como computadores, smartphones ou tablets, mas cada participante poderia preenchê-lo somente uma vez (sistema utilizado para detecção do <italic>Internet Protocol</italic>). Na página inicial, havia uma descrição geral do estudo, e os instrumentos só poderiam ser preenchidos mediante concordância em participar do estudo (Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido).</p>
                <p>Os dados das variáveis contínuas foram padronizados utilizando o procedimento Z-score, sendo certo que aqueles valores abaixo ou acima de 3 desvios padrão (outliers) foram excluídos das análises específicas para reduzir o risco de viés. Em relação às variáveis contínuas, a homogeneidade das variâncias foi avaliada a partir do Teste de Levene, e os dados foram analisados utilizando a Análise de Variância de uma via (ANOVA one way). Quando detectada significância entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste a posteriori de Sheffé, para identificar as diferenças específicas. As variáveis nominais foram analisadas utilizando teste de qui quadrado (χ<sup>2</sup>) ou teste exato de Fisher, quando as premissas do teste de qui quadrado tivessem sido violadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Riveiro et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>Com base em estudos prévios (Andrade, Scatena, Bedendo, et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cruz et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Yamauchi et al., 2019</xref>), o tamanho do efeito a partir do Teste de Cramer’s V foi identificado com base nos seguintes Graus de Liberdade (gl): <italic>gl</italic> = 1 (0 até 0,1 = pequeno) (0,11 até 0,3 = moderado) (0,31 até 1,0 alto); <italic>gl</italic> = 2 (0 até 0,07 = pequeno) (0,08 até 0,21 = moderado) (0,22 até 1,0 = alto); <italic>gl</italic> = 3 (0 até 0,06 = pequeno) (0,07 até 0,17 = moderado) (0,18 até 1,0 = alto). O teste de Eta Square parcial (η<sup>2</sup>) foi utilizado para analisar o tamanho do efeito das variáveis contínuas: 0 a 0,4 = pequeno; 0,41 a 0,79 = moderado; 0,8 a 1,0 = alto.</p>
                <p>Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a influência das variáveis preditoras de DI, a partir da intensidade de uso de internet com base no instrumento IAT. As variáveis utilizadas nos modelos crus e ajustados foram as seguintes: idade (em anos), sexo (0 = homem; 1 = mulher); estado civil (0 = casado; 1 = solteiro); crença de que o seu padrão de uso de internet seja danoso (0 = não; 1 = sim); satisfação com a vida (0 = insatisfeito, 1 = satisfeito, 2 = muito satisfeito), depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Esses procedimentos foram adotados a partir de estudos prévios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gonçalves et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
                <p>Por fim, realizou-se uma análise de rede para investigar os principais preditores diretos e indiretos para DI e as associações condicionais entre todas as variáveis (nodos) com a DI. Os coeficientes de correlações parciais foram obtidos a partir de uma matriz padronizada, o que pode ser interpretado como coeficientes de regressão parcial (ou betas), utilizando o mesmo critério de interpretação do tamanho de efeito (0,1 = pequeno; 0,3 = moderado e ≥ 0,5 = alto). O nível de significância em todas as análises deste estudo foi de 5%, e o software usado foi o JASP (uso livre), versão 0.12.1.</p>
                <p>Todos os procedimentos realizados no estudo foram autorizados pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, o qual aprovou esta pesquisa (nº 1.517.340; CAAE 53793116.1.0000.5505).</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
            <title>Resultados</title>
            <p>Conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>, a maioria dos participantes era composta de mulheres, e a idade média dos estudantes e dos psicólogos foi 22 e 36 anos, respectivamente. A maioria dos participantes eram solteiros, principalmente entre os estudantes. Aproximadamente 20% dos estudantes da amostra relataram que tinham filhos, enquanto esta prevalência foi de 40% entre os psicólogos.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t01">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Perfil sociodemográfico dos estudantes (N = 1.916) e profissionais de psicologia (n = 4.359). Os dados contínuos foram expressos como média e desvio padrão (±) e frequências como porcentagem (%)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th align="left">&nbsp;</th>
                            <th align="left">Variáveis</th>
                            <th>Estudantes</th>
                            <th>Psicólogos</th>
                            <th>Teste</th>
                            <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                            <th>Efeito</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Sexo <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 28,2</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,06</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Homem</td>
                            <td>460 (24)</td>
                            <td>793 (18,2)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                            <td>1.456 (76)</td>
                            <td>3.566 (81,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Idade M (DP)</td>
                            <td>22,4 (±2,4)</td>
                            <td>36,6 (±9,9)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 2,320</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,29</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Estado civil <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 298,9</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>0,21</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                            <td>1.382 (72,1)</td>
                            <td>2.131 (48,9%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Casado</td>
                            <td>465 (24,3)</td>
                            <td>1.813 (41,6%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Divorciado</td>
                            <td>69 (3,6)</td>
                            <td>415 (9,5%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Tem filhos? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 132,1</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,14</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sim</td>
                            <td>465 (24,3)</td>
                            <td>1.698 (39,4)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Não</td>
                            <td>1.445 (75,7)</td>
                            <td>2.613 (60,6)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Região do Brasil <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 54,6</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,09</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                            <td>875 (45,6)</td>
                            <td>2.229 (51,4)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                            <td>561 (29,3)</td>
                            <td>916 (21)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sul</td>
                            <td>293 (15,3)</td>
                            <td>678 (15,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Centro Oeste</td>
                            <td>111 (5,8)</td>
                            <td>334 (7,6)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Norte</td>
                            <td>76 (4)</td>
                            <td>202 (4,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Universidade <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 71,8</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,10</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Privada</td>
                            <td>1.630 (85,1)</td>
                            <td>3.292 (75,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Pública</td>
                            <td>286 (14,9)</td>
                            <td>1.067 (24,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Acesso mais comum a internet <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 37,9</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,07</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Smartphone</td>
                            <td>1.383 (72,3)</td>
                            <td>2.808 (64,6)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Computador</td>
                            <td>495 (25,9)</td>
                            <td>1.466 (33,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Outros</td>
                            <td>34 (1,8)</td>
                            <td>74 (1,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota:</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN01">
                        <label>*</label>
                        <p>p ≤ 0,05,</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN02">
                        <label>**</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,01,</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN03">
                        <label>***</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>χ<sup>2</sup>: Teste de Qui-Quadrado.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>F: ANOVA; N: Participantes; p: nível de significância; 95% CI: Intervalo de Confiança.</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Em relação aos estudantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>), o número de horas utilizando o smartphone foi quase 2 vezes maior entre aqueles do grupo RHU em comparação com o grupo NRU. Entre aqueles com DI, mais de 70% perceberam que o uso excessivo causa problemas nas suas atividades diárias. O grupo RHU apresentou sintomas graves de depressão, ansiedade, stress e menores níveis de satisfação com a vida em relação aos demais grupos. Além disso, o grupo RHU apresentou uma frequência de sintomas graves para depressão, ansiedade e estresse (respectivamente 7, 6 e 5 vezes maior em comparação com o grupo NRU).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t02">
                <label>Tabela 2</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Padrões de uso de smartphone e resultados dos instrumentos DASS-21 e SWLS entre os estudantes de psicologia classificados a partir do uso de internet</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th colspan="2" align="left">Variáveis</th>
                            <th>NRU</th>
                            <th>LRU</th>
                            <th>RHU</th>
                            <th>Teste</th>
                            <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                            <th>Efeito</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Tempo de uso no smartphone (horas) <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>3,7 (±3,3)</td>
                            <td>5,12 (±3,6)</td>
                            <td>6,9 (±4,3)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 59,2</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,06</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Quanto tempo fica usando seu smartphone? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 294,8</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,28</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Pouco</td>
                            <td>134 (23,2)</td>
                            <td>87 (7,9)</td>
                            <td>6 (3,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                            <td>368 (63,8)</td>
                            <td>556 (50,1)</td>
                            <td>39 (22,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Muito</td>
                            <td>75 (13)</td>
                            <td>467 (42,0)</td>
                            <td>127 (73,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Acredita que este uso lhe prejudique no dia a dia? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 142,5</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,27</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sim</td>
                            <td>147 (25,5)</td>
                            <td>525 (47,3)</td>
                            <td>125 (72,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Não</td>
                            <td>430 (74,5)</td>
                            <td>585 (52,7)</td>
                            <td>47 (27,3)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Depressão <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 149,4</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,20</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>452 (79,6)</td>
                            <td>650 (59,6)</td>
                            <td>63 (37,3)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>87 (15,3)</td>
                            <td>287 (26,3)</td>
                            <td>49 (29,0)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                            <td>29 (4,8)</td>
                            <td>154 (14,1)</td>
                            <td>57 (33,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>5,28 (±7,2)</td>
                            <td>9,63 (±9,5)</td>
                            <td>15,6 (±11,7)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 94,2</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,09</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Ansiedade <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 129,7</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,18</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>466 (82,0)</td>
                            <td>690 (63,2)</td>
                            <td>74 (43,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>72 (12,7)</td>
                            <td>236 (21,6)</td>
                            <td>39 (23,1)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                            <td>30 (5,3)</td>
                            <td>165 (15,2)</td>
                            <td>56 (33,1)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>3,9 (±5,7)</td>
                            <td>7 (±8,2)</td>
                            <td>11,5 (±10,3)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 68,9</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,07</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Estresse <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 133,1</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,19</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>459 (80,8)</td>
                            <td>668 (61,2)</td>
                            <td>66 (39,0)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>76 (13,4)</td>
                            <td>266 (24,4)</td>
                            <td>51 (30,2)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Alto risco</td>
                            <td>33 (5,8)</td>
                            <td>157 (14,4)</td>
                            <td>52 (30,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>9,1 (±8,1)</td>
                            <td>13,7 (±10)</td>
                            <td>19,4 (±10,8)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 87,5</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,08</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td colspan="2">Satisfação com a vida <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 82,5</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,14</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Insatisfeito</td>
                            <td>47 (8,2)</td>
                            <td>162 (14,6)</td>
                            <td>40 (23,3)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Satisfeito</td>
                            <td>234 (40,5)</td>
                            <td>571 (51,4)</td>
                            <td>97 (56,4)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Muito satisfeito</td>
                            <td>296 (51,3)</td>
                            <td>377 (34,0)</td>
                            <td>35 (20,3)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>24,6 (±6,0)</td>
                            <td>21,9 (±6,5)</td>
                            <td>19,7 (±6,7)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 53,9</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,05</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota:</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN04">
                        <label>***</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>χ<sup>2</sup>: Teste de Qui-Quadrado.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>95% CI: Intervalo de Confiança; F: ANOVA; LRU: Usuários de Baixo risco (n = 1.075); NRU: Usuários sem Risco (n = 567); N: Participantes; p: nível de significância; RHU: Usuários de Risco e Alto Risco (n = 167).</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Quanto aos psicólogos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>), aqueles do grupo RHU também reportaram utilizar seus smartphones quase 2 vezes mais em relação ao grupo NRU. Contudo, o tempo médio gasto nesses dispositivos entre os psicólogos do grupo RHU foi de 1 hora a menos do que os estudantes do mesmo grupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). Do mesmo modo observado entre os estudantes, os psicólogos do grupo RHU também apresentaram uma alta frequência de sintomas graves de depressão, ansiedade, stress e menores níveis de satisfação com a vida em comparação com os profissionais dos demais grupos. Nesse sentido, a frequência desses sintomas neste grupo foi significativamente maior para a depressão (10 vezes), ansiedade (7 vezes) e estresse (7 vezes), comparado àqueles profissionais do grupo NRU.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t03">
                <label>Tabela 3</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Padrões de uso de smartphone e resultados dos instrumentos DASS-21 e SWLS entre os profissionais de psicologia classificados a partir do uso de internet</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th colspan="2" align="left">Variáveis</th>
                            <th>NRU</th>
                            <th>LRU</th>
                            <th>RHU</th>
                            <th>Teste</th>
                            <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                            <th>Efeito</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Tempo de uso no smartphone (horas) <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>2,9 (±2,6)</td>
                            <td>3,9 (±3,0)</td>
                            <td>5,6 (±3,6)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 108,2</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,04</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Quanto tempo fica usando seu smartphone? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 629,9</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,27</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Pouco</td>
                            <td>504 (29,5)</td>
                            <td>285 (12,4)</td>
                            <td>6 (3,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                            <td>1.027 (60,0)</td>
                            <td>1.165 (50,5)</td>
                            <td>33 (19,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Muito</td>
                            <td>179 (10,5)</td>
                            <td>854 (37,1)</td>
                            <td>130 (77,0)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Acredita que este uso lhe prejudique no dia a dia? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 343,7</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,28</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sim</td>
                            <td>303 (17,7)</td>
                            <td>878 (38,1)</td>
                            <td>126 (74,6)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Não</td>
                            <td>1.407 (82,3)</td>
                            <td>1.426 (61,9)</td>
                            <td>43 (25,4)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Depressão <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 290,8</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,18</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>1.413 (84,2)</td>
                            <td>1.644 (72,6)</td>
                            <td>69 (41,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>214 (12,8)</td>
                            <td>476 (21,0)</td>
                            <td>44 (26,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                            <td>51 (3,0)</td>
                            <td>145 (6,4)</td>
                            <td>52 (31,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>4,3 (±6,2)</td>
                            <td>6,9 (± 7,6)</td>
                            <td>15,2 (±11,8)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 194,3</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,08</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Ansiedade <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 198,1</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,15</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>1.473 (87,8)</td>
                            <td>1.775 (78,4)</td>
                            <td>81 (49,1)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>147 (8,8)</td>
                            <td>335 (14,8)</td>
                            <td>43 (26,1)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>

                            <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                            <td>58 (3,4)</td>
                            <td>155 (6,8)</td>
                            <td>41 (24,8)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>2,7 (±4,9)</td>
                            <td>4,3 (± 6,1)</td>
                            <td>10 (± 9,7)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 131,8</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,06</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Estresse N (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 265,3</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,18</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sem risco</td>
                            <td>1.435 (85,5)</td>
                            <td>1.643 (72,5)</td>
                            <td>68 (41,2)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Risco moderado</td>
                            <td>177 (10,5)</td>
                            <td>461 (20,4)</td>
                            <td>49 (29,7)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                            <td>66 (4,0)</td>
                            <td>161 (7,1)</td>
                            <td>48 (29,1)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>7,6 (±7,6)</td>
                            <td>10,9 (± 8,5)</td>
                            <td>18,4 (±10,6)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 170,4</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,07</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Satisfação com a vida <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 165,7</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,14</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Insatisfeito</td>
                            <td>98 (5,7)</td>
                            <td>200 (8,7)</td>
                            <td>46 (27,2)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Satisfeito</td>
                            <td>577 (33,7)</td>
                            <td>987 (42,8)</td>
                            <td>82 (48,5)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Muito satisfeito</td>
                            <td>1.035 (60,6)</td>
                            <td>1.117 (48,5)</td>
                            <td>41 (24,3)</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Score bruto <italic>M (DP)</italic></td>
                            <td>25,6 (±5,8)</td>
                            <td>24,1 (± 6,0)</td>
                            <td>19,7 (±7,1)</td>
                            <td><italic>F</italic> = 89,5</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>0,04</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota:</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN05">
                        <label>***</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>χ<sup>2</sup>: Teste de Qui Quadrado.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>95% CI: Intervalo de Confiança; F: ANOVA; LRU: Usuários de Baixo risco (n = 2,304); NRU: Usuários sem Risco (n = 1,710); N: Participantes; p: nível de significância; RHU: Usuários de Risco e Alto Risco (n = 169).</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>O modelo ajustado de regressão logística predizendo o risco para DI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>) indicou que o fator ser homem mais que dobrou a chance para DI, tanto entre os estudantes quanto entre os psicólogos. Em relação ao estado civil, ser casado reduziu as chances para DI somente entre os psicólogos, e não foram identificadas diferenças em relação à idade. Aqueles que acreditavam que o seu padrão de uso de internet poderia afetar suas atividades diárias apresentaram chances significativamente maiores para DI, que variaram entre a<italic>OR</italic> 2,76 (estudantes) até a<italic>OR</italic> 3,02 (psicólogos). Além disso, para cada minuto utilizando o smartphone, houve um aumento no risco de DI de 6% a 7% para estudantes e psicólogos, respectivamente (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t04">
                <label>Tabela 4</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Modelo de regressão logística ajustada (aOR) predizendo o risco para dependência de internet (grupo RHU) de acordo com o instrumento IAT entre estudantes e psicólogo</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <thead>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left"> Variáveis</th>
                            <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"> Estudantes</th>
                            <th rowspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
                            <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"> Psicólogos</th>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <th>a<italic>OR</italic></th>
                            <th>95% IC</th>
                            <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                            <th>a<italic>OR</italic></th>
                            <th>95% IC</th>
                            <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Sexo</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Homem</td>
                            <td>2,38</td>
                            <td>[1,47–3,85]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>2,51</td>
                            <td>[1,65–3,82]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Estado civil</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Casado</td>
                            <td>1,45</td>
                            <td>[0,69–3,02]</td>
                            <td>0,32</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>0,58</td>
                            <td>[0,38–0,89]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Idade</td>
                            <td>0,95</td>
                            <td>[0,87–1,03]</td>
                            <td>0,20</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>0,99</td>
                            <td>[0,97–1,02]</td>
                            <td>0,46</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Seu uso diário de internet lhe prejudica?</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Não</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Sim</td>
                            <td>2,76</td>
                            <td>[1,73–4,43]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>3,02</td>
                            <td>[2,01–4,53]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Tempo de uso de smartphone</td>
                            <td>1,06</td>
                            <td>[1,0–1,11]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,07</td>
                            <td>[1,01–1,13]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2" align="left">Quanto tempo fica usando seu smartphone?</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Pouco</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                            <td>1,07</td>
                            <td>[0,35–3,23]</td>
                            <td>0,90</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,53</td>
                            <td>[0,61–3,83]</td>
                            <td>0,36</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                            <td align="left">Muito</td>
                            <td>3,20</td>
                            <td>[1,07–9,57]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>6,65</td>
                            <td>[2,68–16,5]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td colspan="2">Satisfação com a vida</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Insatisfeito</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ref</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Satisfeito</td>
                            <td>1,76</td>
                            <td>[0,91–3,40]</td>
                            <td>0,09</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>2,10</td>
                            <td>[1,18–3,75]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Muito satisfeito</td>
                            <td>1,44</td>
                            <td>[0,87–2,39]</td>
                            <td>0,15</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,32</td>
                            <td>[0,86–2,05]</td>
                            <td>0,20</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Depressão</td>
                            <td>1,01</td>
                            <td>[0,99–1,05]</td>
                            <td>0,13</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,04</td>
                            <td>[1,01–1,06]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Ansiedade</td>
                            <td>1,02</td>
                            <td>[0,98–1,04]</td>
                            <td>0,54</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,04</td>
                            <td>[1,01–1,06]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr align="center">
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>Estresse</td>
                            <td>1,02</td>
                            <td>[0,99–1,05]</td>
                            <td>0,16</td>
                            <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            <td>1,03</td>
                            <td>[1,0–1,06]</td>
                            <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn>
                        <p>Nota:</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN06">
                        <label>*</label>
                        <p>p ≤ 0,05, </p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN07">
                        <label>**</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,01;</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN08">
                        <label>***</label>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn>
                        <p>aOR: Odds ratio ajustada; Ref: grupo de referência (grupo NRU).</p>
                    </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra a análise de rede para estudantes e psicólogos, e as conexões entre as variáveis (nodos) são chamadas de arestas, em que a espessura delas significa maior intensidade dessa correlação. Foram utilizados dois índices de centralidade para identificar a influência de cada nodo: Aproximação (comprimento mais curto entre os nodos) e a Influência Esperada (o produto da influência direta e indireta das arestas). As correlações diretas com a DI foram depressão, sexo, tipo de dispositivo utilizado para acessar a internet e uso de smartphone. Particularmente entre os psicólogos, a quantidade de mensagens diárias enviadas e o estado civil também foram diretamente correlacionadas com a DI. Em todos os participantes, ter filhos foi o nodo com a maior influência esperada para a DI, sendo certo que a ansiedade foi a segunda variável com maior nível de influência em todos os participantes.</p>
            <fig id="f01">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                    <title>Modelo Gráfico Gaussiano e índices de centralidade para a dependência de internet entre estudantes e psicólogos</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-estpsi-40-e210010-gf01.tif"/>
                <attrib>Nota: Cada aresta representa a correlação de ordem zero entre duas variáveis, e a espessura delas representa a magnitude da correlação. Os nodos (variáveis) com interassociações mais fortes aparecem no centro da rede. Age: Idade, ANX: Ansiedade, CD: Quantidade de chamadas diárias realizadas, CR: Quantidade de chamadas diárias recebidas, DEP: Depressão, GE: Gênero, HCh: Você tem filhos? IA: Dependência de Internet, MS: Estado Civil, MTi: Como você classifica seu uso do tempo de smartphone? NCh: Número de filhos, NmR: Número de mensagens recebidas diariamente, NmS: Número de mensagens enviadas diariamente, SmH: O uso de seu smartphone prejudica sua vida diária? STR: Stress, SWL: Satisfação com a escala de vida, ToU: Principal tipo de dispositivo usado para acessar a internet, Uni: Tipo de universidade (pública ou privada).</attrib>
            </fig>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
            <title>Discussão</title>
            <p>Este é o primeiro estudo investigando a prevalência de DI em associação com transtornos mentais a partir de uma amostra composta somente por estudantes de psicologia e psicólogos. Os principais achados indicaram que a prevalência de DI variou de 4% (psicólogos) até 9,3% (estudantes). Além disso, o tempo médio diário de uso de smartphones foi de 5 horas entre os estudantes e 3,6 horas entre os psicólogos. Todos os participantes com DI apresentaram sintomas mais graves para depressão, ansiedade, stress em menores níveis de satisfação com a vida, o que foi visto especialmente entre os psicólogos</p>
            <p>Os dados deste trabalho indicaram uma prevalência de DI maior do que a observada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wolniczak et al. (2013)</xref> (8,03% estudantes de psicologia). Uma das possíveis explicações para esses dados contraditórios é o fato de que os autores descritos acima adaptaram o instrumento IAT para comportamentos relacionados ao uso do Facebook, o que impede a capacidade de realizar comparações mais detalhadas a partir dos dados obtidos no presente estudo. A prevalência de DI entre os psicólogos foi menor do que a observada no estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci e Sahin (2017)</xref>, cuja amostra foi composta por vários profissionais da saúde (11,4%).</p>
            <p>Alguns fatores podem influenciar a prevalência de DI, conforme observado em diferentes estudos: o tamanho da amostra, o tipo de instrumento utilizado para mensurar a DI, diferentes procedimentos na análise de dados e aspectos específicos relacionados à cultura e à demografia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>). Neste estudo, a DI entre os psicólogos foi menor do que entre os estudantes, de modo que podem existir diferentes fatores que influenciam tanto o uso de smartphones quanto de internet. Um deles é a própria idade dos indivíduos, dado que gerações mais novas acessam as mídias digitais com maior frequência. Assim, a DI na população geral é significativamente maior entre os adolescentes e adultos jovens, em comparação com a população adulta mais velha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al., 2018</xref>). Neste trabalho, contudo, a idade não foi um preditor para DI e apresentou baixa influência esperada no modelo de análise de rede.</p>
            <p>Notou-se que 40% dos profissionais eram casados e tinham filhos, o que faz com que eles passem mais tempo em atividades relacionadas ao seu parceiro e no cuidado dos filhos e usem menos tanto os seus smartphones quanto a internet. Além disso, análise de rede indicou que os nodos “quantidade de filhos” e “ter filhos” foram indiretamente correlacionados com a DI, mas foram aqueles com a maior influência esperada tanto entre estudantes quanto entre os profissionais. A análise de rede dos psicólogos indicou que o estado civil apresentou correlação parcial negativa direta com a DI. Nesse sentido, alguns autores observaram que a pontuação total do IAT foi significativamente maior entre os profissionais de saúde que eram solteiros ou divorciados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci &amp; Sahin, 2017</xref>), corroborando os dados do trabalho.</p>
            <p>Em relação ao tempo gasto no uso de smartphones, os estudantes reportaram que usam esses aparelhos, em média, durante 4,9 horas diárias, um tempo maior em relação aos psicólogos. Uma média de uso similar foi identificada entre estudantes de medicina chineses (4,93 horas), sendo certo que 5,9% foram classificados com DI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Simcharoen et al., 2017</xref>). Nesse sentido, o uso excessivo desses dispositivos pode prejudicar as atividades diárias dessas pessoas, conforme mostrado nos dados do presente estudo, segundo o qual aproximadamente 40% dos estudantes de psicologia e 30% dos psicólogos reconhecem que utilizam a internet excessivamente que e esse uso prejudica suas atividades diárias, de algum modo.</p>
            <p>Além disso, o nodo “seu uso de smartphone atrapalha suas atividades diárias?” foi diretamente correlacionado com a DI (forte correlação positiva) em todos os participantes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Choo e Lee (2016)</xref> avaliaram os padrões de uso tanto de internet quanto de smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem da Coreia do Sul e perceberam que quase metade dos estudantes se distraiam durante as aulas práticas devido ao uso desses dispositivos. Nesse mesmo estudo, os estudantes relataram que observavam com frequência que enfermeiros já formados também utilizavam seus smartphones durante o horário de trabalho e quando estavam realizando os procedimentos com os pacientes. Além disso, alguns autores detectaram dificuldades no gerenciamento do tempo entre os estudantes de enfermagem Turcos, que passavam entre 3 a 6 horas por dia online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Öksüz et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
            <p>Em todos os participantes do presente estudo, a prevalência de sintomas graves para a depressão, ansiedade e estresse foi significativamente maior no grupo RHU. Esses dados são relevantes porque refletem um problema psicológico entre profissionais que estão fortemente associados com a promoção e a prevenção de saúde mental. O nodo ansiedade foi o segundo mais influente na rede e diretamente correlacionado com a depressão entre os psicólogos. Entre os universitários, o estresse foi o segundo nodo mais influente na rede. Além disso, a depressão foi único problema emocional diretamente correlacionado com a DI em todos os grupos. De acordo com outros autores, tais achados estão alinhados com a associação entre DI e problemas emocionais em universitários. Nesse aspecto, alguns autores notaram que a baixa autoestima, a insatisfação com a vida e a solidão foram os principais preditores associados com a DI em universitários (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bozoglan et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
            <p>Em relação aos profissionais de saúde, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Simcharoen et al. (2017)</xref> encontraram níveis mais altos de depressão e níveis mais baixos de autoestima e qualidade de vida em estudantes de medicina com DI do que naqueles sem problemas. Além disso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci e Sahin (2017)</xref> também identificaram uma forte associação entre a síndrome de burnout e DI nos profissionais de saúde como médicos e enfermeiros. Os autores também identificaram outras variáveis envolvidas no esgotamento emocional como sendo preditoras da DI, tais como horários de trabalho mais longos e sono reduzido.</p>
            <p>O aumento da ansiedade e do estresse nos universitários e na população adulta em geral e a DI têm sido relatados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al. (2018)</xref>. Ao avaliar os preditores para DI, ser masculino aumentou significativamente as chances em ambos os grupos. Na verdade, o gênero foi um preditor direto da DI na análise da rede, mostrando uma forte influência esperada sobre a rede, especialmente entre os estudantes. Por outro lado, alguns autores relataram uma maior prevalência da DI entre as mulheres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
            <p>No presente estudo, os fatores intrapessoais (depressão, ansiedade e estresse) foram preditores de DI apenas entre os profissionais. Em uma meta-análise realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Koo e Kwon (2014)</xref> para avaliar os principais preditores de risco da DI, os mais fortes foram aqueles com características intrapessoais (autoeficácia, depressão, ansiedade, estresse, etc.). Entretanto, esses achados não são consistentes com a literatura, como observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al. (2018)</xref>, na qual a depressão e o estresse não foram preditores de DI tanto em estudantes quanto em adultos. A percepção do uso da Internet foi o preditor mais forte em nosso estudo tanto para universitários quanto para os psicólogos. Esses dados são consistentes com outros autores que observaram uma forte correlação entre a percepção do uso da Internet e dependência de smartphone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Carbonell et al., 2018</xref>). No referido estudo, da amostra total dos autores (<italic>n</italic> = 792), 30% eram estudantes de psicologia.</p>
            <p>A presente análise tem algumas limitações que devem ser consideradas. Primeiramente, os participantes completaram uma pesquisa online e foram recrutados através de diferentes estratégias para cada amostra (estudantes e psicólogos), o que pode sugerir algum viés de análise em subpopulações com características específicas. Ademais, como este estudo é transversal, é impossível estabelecer relações causais entre as variáveis. No futuro, pretende-se realizar um estudo longitudinal para investigar essa questão. Ainda, a DI pode atuar como um fator de confusão para a dependência dos smartphones, porque não foram utilizados instrumentos para avaliar essa questão em relação aos participantes.</p>
            <p>Em todo caso, nosso estudo também tem alguns pontos fortes, considerando a originalidade dos dados. Este é o primeiro trabalho avaliando a relação da DI com variáveis psicossociais entre psicólogos e estudantes de psicologia no mesmo trabalho. Outro ponto forte é o tamanho amostral que incluiu participantes de todas as regiões brasileiras e o tipo de análises estatísticas realizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Conclusão</title>
            <p>Nossos principais achados indicaram uma prevalência de DI de aproximadamente 9% e 4% entre estudantes de psicologia e psicólogos, respectivamente. A DI foi associada com maior intensidade de ansiedade, depressão e estresse e menor satisfação com a vida em todos os indivíduos. Além disso, diversas variáveis foram correlacionadas com a DI, principalmente entre os psicólogos. A análise da rede mostrou que gênero, tipo de dispositivo usado para acessar a Internet e depressão foram os principais preditores diretos de todos os participantes. No entanto, “ter filhos” e “estresse” foi a influência mais esperada sobre os estudantes de psicologia, enquanto “ter filhos” e “ansiedade” foram as influências mais esperadas sobre os psicólogos.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <ack>
            <title>Agradecimentos</title>
            <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Andrew Kim (Universidade Ryerson, Toronto - Canadá) por revisar criticamente a versão em inglês deste manuscrito.</p>
        </ack>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p>Artigo elaborado a partir da dissertação de A. SCATENA, intitulada “<italic>Avaliação do impacto do uso de mídias digitais em estudantes brasileiros de graduação e pós-graduação: uma análise exploratória</italic>”. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2017.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p><bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Andrade, A. L. M., Scatena, A., Bedendo, A., Machado, W. L., Oliveira, W. A., Lopes, F. M., &amp; De Micheli, D. (2023). Uso excessivo de internet e smartphone e problemas emocionais em estudantes de psicologia epsicólogos. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e210010. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Apoio</label>
                <p>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (Código de financiamento 001); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (303163/2020-8).</p>
            </fn>
        </fn-group>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIER | Trends on Behavioral Addictions</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Excessive Internet and smartphone use and emotional problems in students of psychology and psychologists</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0111-8935</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Andrade</surname>
                        <given-names>André Luiz Monezi</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">conception</role>
                    <role>design</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">data acquisition</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">data analyses</role>
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                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4034-1251</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Scatena</surname>
                        <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
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                    <role>design</role>
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                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">drafted the manuscript</role>
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                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9554-6564</contrib-id>
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                    <name>
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                        <given-names>Wagner de Lara</given-names>
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                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8546-4354</contrib-id>
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                        <given-names>Denise De</given-names>
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            <aff id="aff06">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Escola de Ciências da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff07">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Psicobiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff08">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="original">University of York, Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences. Heslington, York, United Kingdom.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff09">
                <label>4</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff10">
                <label>5</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editors</label>
                    <p>Solange Muglia Wechsler, Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare they have no conflict of interests.</p>
                </fn>
                <corresp id="c02">Correspondence to: A.L.M. ANDRADE. E-mail: <email>andre.andrade@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>.</corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Internet Addiction, its main predictors, and associations with psychological problems in psychology students (<italic>n</italic> = 1,916) and psychologists (<italic>n</italic> = 4,359).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Method</title>
                    <p>Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and measures of interest. It was observed that 9.3% of the students and 4.0% of the psychologists screened positive for internet addiction.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>All participants with internet addiction presented a significantly higher frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, however, these problems were predictors for internet addiction only among the professionals.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>Understanding the pattern of internet addiction can help to support the development of specific public policies for these individuals.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Addiction</kwd>
                <kwd>Adults</kwd>
                <kwd>Internet</kwd>
                <kwd>Smartphone</kwd>
                <kwd>Students</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
                    <award-id>001</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</funding-source>
                    <award-id>303163/2020-8</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Finance Code 001); <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (303163/2020-8).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <p>The increase of digital media use is a global phenomenon arising from new modes of social interaction. Currently, Brazil has the third-highest daily internet use according to<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> World Wide Web Foundation (2016)</xref>. Also, Brazil is second in terms of time spent using the Internet outside of the school environment (3.1 h/day) by students. For example, 26% of students are online more than six hours a day according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2017)</xref>.</p>
            <p>Excessive use of the Internet can lead to the development of various health problems, such as Internet Addiction (IA). Some authors have noted a higher prevalence of IA in adolescents and young adults compared to older adults. In South Korea, IA’s prevalence among adolescents was 12% and 8% among adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>). In university students, the prevalence of IA is very heterogeneous, especially in Latin America with a prevalence rate of 51% in Ecuador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ramos-Galarza et al., 2018</xref>) and 25% in Colombia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Buitrago et al., 2016</xref>). In Brazil, two studies indicated a prevalence of 21.2% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Terres-Trindade &amp; Mosmann, 2016</xref>) and 62% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Della-Méa et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>In contrast to the prevalence rates of IA in adolescents, only a handful of studies have investigated the impact of IA on health professionals. In one study, the authors reported a prevalence of 11.4% among health professionals, of which 50.9% presented a high risk of burnout syndrome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci &amp; Sahin, 2017</xref>). Concerning psychology students, 8.6% of them at a Peruvian university (N = 418) were addicted to Facebook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wolniczak et al., 2013</xref>). Moreover, those considered addicted showed a higher risk of having sleep-related problems (a<italic>OR</italic> = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.04-1.67).</p>
            <p>The association between IA and emotional problems has been investigated mainly with adolescents. However, several Brazilian studies have evaluated the association between IA and mental disorders in colleges. Della-Méa et al. (2016) found no significant associations were detected between IA and anxiety, depression, and stress. In regard to the adult population, there are still no Brazilian studies. Considering a few Brazilian studies regarding IA, it is essential to investigate the use of digital media and its emotional and social impacts, especially among students and professionals who directly work in the mental health field.</p>
            <p>In this context, this study aimed to (i) investigate the prevalence of IA and the pattern of smartphone use in a sample of Brazilian psychology students and psychologists; (ii) assess the association between IA and the following symptoms: depression, anxiety, stress and satisfaction with life; (iii) compare the pattern of use of smartphones and IA levels between psychology students and psychologists, and (iv) analyze the direct and indirect predictors to IA based on a network analysis model and each variable’s influence on the network.</p>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>Method</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Participants</title>
                    <p>This is a cross-sectional study comprised of psychology students (<italic>n</italic> = 1,916) and psychologists (<italic>n</italic> = 4,359) who completed an online survey. Participants were recruited using different dissemination strategies according to specific profiles of the sample. With regards to students, we publicized a link to the study through social networks. This link was also sent by email to the coordinators of undergraduate courses and the Student Centers from Brazilian Universities in all Regions. Regarding psychologists, the Department of Institutional Communication of Institution publicized the link on social networks and sent emails to psychologists who had previously registered at various conferences, symposiums, and courses.</p>
                    <p>The inclusion criteria were; 1) be psychology students in any year or graduates in the area and 2) have a smartphone and access the Internet at least once a week. From the sample, 232 individuals (<italic>n</italic> = 62 students; <italic>n</italic> = 170 psychologists) were excluded as they reported not accessing the Internet at least once a week and did not have a smartphone. Thus, the final sample consisted of 6,275 participants.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Instruments</title>
                    <p>Sociodemographic Questionnaire: contained the following questions: income, marital status, education, region of residence, type of university (public or private) and the most commonly used method of accessing the Internet. It also included five questions about the use of smartphones. This questionnaire was based on previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
                    <p><italic>Internet Addiction Test</italic> (IAT): aims to measure IA’s severity through 20 questions. In Brazil, the IAT was adapted and validated with high internal consistency (α = 0.85) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Conti, et al., 2012</xref>). The IAT classifies participants into three groups: Non-Risk Users (NRU; 0-19 points); Low-Risk Users (LRU; 20-49 points), or Risk and High-Risk Users (RHU, 50-100 points). We based this classification according to the previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Andrade et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Andrade, Scatena, Bedendo, et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Andrade, Scatena, Martins, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
                    <p><italic>Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale</italic> (DASS-21): consists of 21 items using a Likert-type scale. The items’ weight was adapted to adjust the scale’s final score, following the instructions for this instrument (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vignola &amp; Tucci, 2014</xref>). We classified the participants into one of three categories for each of the symptoms, as the follows: (i) Depression, they were classified as “No-risk” (0-9 points), “Moderate-risk” (10-20 points) or “High-risk” (above 21 points); (ii) Anxiety symptoms, “ No-risk” (0-7 points), “Moderate-risk” (8-14 points) or “High-risk” (above 15 points); (iii) Stress, “No-risk” (0-14 points), “ Moderate-risk” (15-25 points) or “ High-risk” (above 26 points). The DASS-21 was adapted and validated in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vignola &amp; Tucci, 2014</xref>), with high internal consistency for all three subscales (α = 0.92 for depression, α = 0.86 for anxiety, and α = 0.90 for stress).</p>
                    <p><italic>Satisfaction With Life Scale</italic> (SWLS): assesses life satisfaction from five Likert type questions (1 to 7 points). Participants were classified into three categories; Unsatisfied (5-14 points); Satisfied (15-25 points), or Very satisfied (26-35 points).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Procedures</title>
                    <p>Initially, a pilot study was conducted with students (<italic>n</italic> = 20) and psychologists (<italic>n</italic> = 20) to assess the platform’s functionality and identify any potential technical problems in collecting the data. The data of these participants were not considered in the final analysis. We found some problems ragarding of item completion, system syntax errors, and database access that were fixed before the study began. After this first step, the questionnaire’s link was published using the strategies mentioned above and was available for six months. The online questionnaire could be completed using different media types, such as computers, smartphones, and tablets, with each participant completing it only once (by using automatic detection of the Internet Protocol address).</p>
                    <p>There was a general description of the study on the homepage, and the instruments could only be completed after reading the description as well as providing informed consent.</p>
                    <p>Data from continuous variables were standardized using the Z-score procedure, and values above or below three standard deviations (outliers) were excluded from the specific analyses to reduce any possibility of bias. Regarding the continuous variables, the homogeneity of the variances was evaluated by Levene’s Test, and the data were analyzed by using the One-Way Analysis of Variance. When significance was detected, we used a posteriori Scheffé’s Test to identify groups’ specific differences. Nominal variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test (χ<sup>2</sup>) or Fischer’s Exact Test when Chi-square assumptions were violated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rveiro et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
                    <p>In line with previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Andrade, Scatena, Bedendo, et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cruz et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Yamauchi et al., 2019</xref>), we accessed the effect size based on Cramer’s V Test according the following Degrees of Freedom (df): <italic>df</italic> = 1 (0 to 0.1 = small) (0.11 to 0.3 = moderate) (0.31 to 1.0 high); <italic>df</italic> = 2 (0 to 0.07 = small) (0.08 to 0.21 = moderate) (0.22 to 1.0, high); <italic>df</italic> = 3 (0 to 0.06 = small) (0.07 to 0.17 = moderate) (0.18 to 1.0 high). The Eta Square Test (η<sup>2</sup>) was used as the effect size for analysis of variance with 0 to 0.4 small, 0.41 to 0.79 moderate, and 0.8 to 1.0 high as the magnitude of effect.</p>
                    <p>Logistic regression models were used to evaluate IA predictor variables’ influence, using the severity level of the IAT instrument as an outcome. The variables used in the crude and adjusted models were: age (in years), sex (0 = male; 1 = female), marital status (0 = married; 1 = single), believing their use of the internet to be harmful (0 = no; 1 = yes), satisfaction with life (0 = unsatisfied, 1 = satisfied, 2 = very satisfied), and depression, anxiety and stress. This process was adopted based on previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gonçalves et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
                    <p>Finally, a network analysis was performed to investigate the direct and indirect predictors of IA and the conditional associations among all variables (nodes) with the IA’s network. Partial correlation coefficients were obtained from the standardized matrix, which can be interpreted as partial regression coefficients (or betas), by using the same rule of interpretation of effect size (0.1 = small, 0.3 = moderate and ≥ 0.5 = large). The significance level of all analyses in this study was .05, and the software used was JASP (free use), version 0.12.1.</p>
                    <p>All procedures carried out in this study were following the institutional research committee’s ethical standards. The Research Ethics Committee approved this study of <italic>Universidade Federal de São Paulo</italic> (nº 1,517,340; CAAE 53793116.1.0000.5505).</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results">
                <title>Results</title>
                <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>, most participants were female, and the mean age of students and psychologists was 22 and 36 years, respectively. Most of the participants were single, with a higher prevalence among the students. Approximately 20% of the the student sample reported having children, while 40% of psychologists reported having children.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t05">
                    <label>Table 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Social demographic profile of students (N = 1,916) and psychology professionals (N = 4,359). Continuous data were expressed as the mean and standard deviation (±) and frequencies as percentages (%)</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                                <th>Students</th>
                                <th>Psychologists</th>
                                <th>Test</th>
                                <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                                <th>Effect size</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Gender <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 28.2</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.06</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Male</td>
                                <td>460 (24)</td>
                                <td>793 (18.2)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Female</td>
                                <td>1,456 (76)</td>
                                <td>3,566 (81.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Age <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>22.4(±2.4)</td>
                                <td>36.6 (±9.9)</td>
                                <td>F = 2,320.8</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.29</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Marital status <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 298.9</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>0.21</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Single</td>
                                <td>1,382 (72.1)</td>
                                <td>2,131 (48.9%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Married</td>
                                <td>465 (24.3)</td>
                                <td>1,813 (41.6%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Divorced</td>
                                <td>69 (3.6)</td>
                                <td>415 (9.5%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Have Children? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 132.1</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.14</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                                <td>465 (24.3)</td>
                                <td>1,698 (39.4)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No</td>
                                <td>1,445 (75.7)</td>
                                <td>2,613 (60.6)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Region of Brazil <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 54.6</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.09</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Southeast</td>
                                <td>875 (45.6)</td>
                                <td>2,229 (51.4)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Northeast</td>
                                <td>561 (29.3)</td>
                                <td>916 (21)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">South</td>
                                <td>293 (15.3)</td>
                                <td>678 (15.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Central West</td>
                                <td>111 (5.8)</td>
                                <td>334 (7.6)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">North</td>
                                <td>76 (4)</td>
                                <td>202 (4.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">University <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 71.8</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.10</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Private</td>
                                <td>1,630 (85.1)</td>
                                <td>3,292 (75.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Public</td>
                                <td>286 (14.9)</td>
                                <td>1,067 (24.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Most common advice to access Internet <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 37.9</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.07</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Smartphone</td>
                                <td>1,383 (72.3)</td>
                                <td>2,808 (64.6)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Computer</td>
                                <td>495 (25.9)</td>
                                <td>1,466 (33.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Other</td>
                                <td>34 (1.8)</td>
                                <td>74 (1.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN09">
                            <label>*</label>
                            <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN10">
                            <label>**</label>
                            <p>p &lt; 0.01,</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN11">
                            <label>***</label>
                            <p>p &lt; 0.001.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>χ<sup>2</sup> = Chi Squared Test.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>F: ANOVA; N: Participants; p: significance level; 95% CI: Confidence Interval.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>, the number of hours using a smartphone was almost twice in the RHU than the NRU group. Among those who were addicted, more than 70% perceived that their IA caused impairments in their everyday life. The RHU group showed more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and lower satisfaction with life. Moreover, the frequency of the most severe symptoms in the RHU for depression, anxiety and stress were 7, 6 and 5 times higher than those of the NRU group.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t06">
                    <label>Table 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Patterns of smartphone use and results of IAT, DASS-21 and SWLS instruments among students classified by the Internet Addiction Test</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                                <th>NRU</th>
                                <th>LRU</th>
                                <th>RHU</th>
                                <th>Test</th>
                                <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                                <th>Effect size</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Time spent using smartphone (hours) <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>3.7 (±3.3)</td>
                                <td>5.12 (±3.6)</td>
                                <td>6.9 (±4.3)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 59.2</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.06</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">How much time do you think you spend using your smartphone? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 294.8</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.28</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A little time</td>
                                <td>134 (23.2)</td>
                                <td>87 (7.9)</td>
                                <td>6 (3.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A moderate amount of time</td>
                                <td>368 (63.8)</td>
                                <td>556 (50.1)</td>
                                <td>39 (22.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A lot of time</td>
                                <td>75 (13)</td>
                                <td>467 (42)</td>
                                <td>127 (73.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Do you believe your use harms you? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 142.5</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.27</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                                <td>147 (25.5)</td>
                                <td>525 (47.3)</td>
                                <td>125 (72.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No</td>
                                <td>430 (74.5)</td>
                                <td>585 (52.7)</td>
                                <td>47 (27.3)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Depression <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 149.4</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.20</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>452 (79.6)</td>
                                <td>650 (59.6)</td>
                                <td>63 (37.3)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>87 (15.3)</td>
                                <td>287 (26.3)</td>
                                <td>49 (29)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>29 (4.8)</td>
                                <td>154 (14.1)</td>
                                <td>57 (33.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>5.28 (±7.2)</td>
                                <td>9.63 (±9.5)</td>
                                <td>15.6 (±11.7)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 94.2</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.09</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Anxiety <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 129.7</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.18</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>466 (82)</td>
                                <td>690 (63.2)</td>
                                <td>74 (43.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>72 (12.7)</td>
                                <td>236 (21.6)</td>
                                <td>39 (23.1)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>30 (5.3)</td>
                                <td>165 (15.2)</td>
                                <td>56 (33.1)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>3.9 (±5.7)</td>
                                <td>7 (±8.2)</td>
                                <td>11.5 (±10.3)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 68.9</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.07</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Stress N (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 133.1</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.19</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>459 (80.8)</td>
                                <td>668 (61.2)</td>
                                <td>66 (39)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>76 (13.4)</td>
                                <td>266 (24.4)</td>
                                <td>51 (30.2)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>33 (5.8)</td>
                                <td>157 (14.4)</td>
                                <td>52 (30.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>9.1 (±8.1)</td>
                                <td>13.7 (±10)</td>
                                <td>19.4 (±10.8)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 87.5</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.08</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Satisfaction with life <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 82.5</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.14</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Unsatisfied</td>
                                <td>47 (8.2)</td>
                                <td>162 (14.6)</td>
                                <td>40 (23,3)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Satisfied</td>
                                <td>234 (40.5)</td>
                                <td>571 (51.4)</td>
                                <td>97 (56.4)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Very satisfied</td>
                                <td>296 (51.3)</td>
                                <td>377 (34)</td>
                                <td>35 (20,3)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>24.6 (±6.0)</td>
                                <td>21.9 (±6.5)</td>
                                <td>19.7 (±6.7)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 53.9</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.05</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN12">
                            <label>***</label>
                            <p>p &lt; 0.00.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>χ<sup>2</sup>: Chi Squared Test.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>95% CI: Confidence Interval; F: ANOVA, LRU: Low-Risk Users (n = 1,075); NRU: Non-Risk Users (n = 567); N: Participants; p: significance level; RHU: Risk and High-Risk Users (n = 167).</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Regarding the psychologists (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>), those from RHU also used their smartphones for almost twice as long as the NRU group. However, the mean time spent using the smartphones by psychologists from the RHU group was one hour shorter than those from the student group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>).</p>
                <table-wrap id="t07">
                    <label>Table 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Patterns of smartphone use and results of IAT, DASS-21 and SWLS instruments among professionals classified by the Internet Addiction Test instrument</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                                <th>NRU</th>
                                <th>LRU</th>
                                <th>RHU</th>
                                <th>Test</th>
                                <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                                <th>Effect size</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Time spent using smartphone (hours) <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>2.9 (±2.6)</td>
                                <td>3.9 (±3.0)</td>
                                <td>5.6 (±3.6)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 108.2</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.04</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">How much time do you think you spend using your smartphone? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 629.9</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.27</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A little time</td>
                                <td>504 (29.5)</td>
                                <td>285 (12.4)</td>
                                <td>6 (3.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A moderate amount of time</td>
                                <td>1027 (60)</td>
                                <td>1165 (50.5)</td>
                                <td>33 (19.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A lot of time</td>
                                <td>179 (10.5)</td>
                                <td>854 (37.1)</td>
                                <td>130 (77)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Do you believe your use harms you? <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 343.7</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.28</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                                <td>303 (17.7)</td>
                                <td>878 (38.1)</td>
                                <td>126 (74,6)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No</td>
                                <td>1407 (82.3)</td>
                                <td>1426 (61,9)</td>
                                <td>43 (25.4)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Depression <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 290.8</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.18</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>1413(84.2)</td>
                                <td>1644 (72.6)</td>
                                <td>69 (41.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>214 (12.8)</td>
                                <td>476 (21)</td>
                                <td>44 (26.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>51 (3)</td>
                                <td>145 (6.4)</td>
                                <td>52 (31.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>4.3 (±6.2)</td>
                                <td>6.9 (±7.6)</td>
                                <td>15.2 (±11.8)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 194.3</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.08</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Anxiety <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 198.1</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.15</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>1473 (87.8)</td>
                                <td>1775 78.4)</td>
                                <td>81 (49.1)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>147 (8.8)</td>
                                <td>335 (14.8)</td>
                                <td>43 (26.1)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>58 (3.4)</td>
                                <td>155 (6.8)</td>
                                <td>41 (24.8)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>2.7 (±4.9)</td>
                                <td>4.3 (±6.1)</td>
                                <td>10 (±9.7)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 131.8</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.06</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Stress <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 265.3</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.18</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No-risk</td>
                                <td>1435 (85.5)</td>
                                <td>1643 (72.5)</td>
                                <td>68 (41.2)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Moderate-risk</td>
                                <td>177 (10.5)</td>
                                <td>461 (20.4)</td>
                                <td>49 (29.7)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">High-risk</td>
                                <td>66 (4.0)</td>
                                <td>161 (7.1)</td>
                                <td>48 (29.1)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>7.6 (±7.6)</td>
                                <td>10.9 (±8.5)</td>
                                <td>18.4 (±10.6)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 170.4</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.07</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Satisfaction with life <italic>n</italic> (%)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>χ<sup>2</sup> = 165.7</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.14</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Dissatisfied</td>
                                <td>98 (5.7)</td>
                                <td>200 (8.7)</td>
                                <td>46 (27.2)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Satisfied</td>
                                <td>577 (33.7)</td>
                                <td>987 (42.8)</td>
                                <td>82 (48.5)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Very satisfied</td>
                                <td>1035 (60.6)</td>
                                <td>1117 (48.5)</td>
                                <td>41 (24.3)</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Raw score <italic>(M, SD)</italic></td>
                                <td>25.6 (±5.8)</td>
                                <td>24.1 (±6.0)</td>
                                <td>19.7 (±7.1)</td>
                                <td><italic>F</italic> = 89.5</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>0.04</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN13">
                            <label>***</label>
                            <p>p &lt; 0.001.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>χ<sup>2</sup>: Chi Squared Test.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>95% CI: Confidence Interval; F: ANOVA; LRU: Low-Risk Users (n = 2,304); NRU: Non-Risk Users (n = 1,710); N: Participants; p: significance level; RHU: Risk and High-Risk Users (n = 169).</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Similar to the results observed from the student sample, a higher frequency of severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and lower satisfaction with life was observed in psychologists from the RHU group. Thus, the frequency of these symptoms in this group was significantly higher for depression (10 times), anxiety (7 times), and stress (7 times), compared to those psychologists from the NRU group.</p>
                <p>The adjusted models of logistic regressions predicting IA’s risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>) indicated that being a male more than doubled the odds, both among students and psychologists. As for marital status, being married reduced the odds of IA risk only among psychologists, and no significant differences were observed regarding age. Those who believed their use pattern affected their daily activities presented odds between aOR 2.76 (students) to aOR 3.02 (psychologists) for IA. Moreover, for each minute of smartphone use, there was a risk of 6% (students) to 7% (psychologists) of presenting IA (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).</p>
                <table-wrap id="t08">
                    <label>Table 4</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Adjusted logistical regression models predicting the risk of Internet addiction (RHU group) according to Internet Addiction Test instrument among students and psychology professionals</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                                <th colspan="3">Students</th>
                                <th>&nbsp;</th>
                                <th colspan="3">Psychologists</th>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <th>a<italic>OR</italic></th>
                                <th>95% CI</th>
                                <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                                <th>&nbsp;</th>
                                <th>a<italic>OR</italic></th>
                                <th>95% CI</th>
                                <th><italic>p</italic></th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Gender</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Female</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Male</td>
                                <td>2.38</td>
                                <td>[1.47–3.85]</td>
                                <td><bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref></bold></td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2.51</td>
                                <td>[1.65–3.82]</td>
                                <td><bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Marital status</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Single</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Married-</td>
                                <td>1.45</td>
                                <td>[0.69–3.02]</td>
                                <td>0.32</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>0.58</td>
                                <td>[0.38–0.89]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Age</td>
                                <td>0.95</td>
                                <td>[0.87–1.03]</td>
                                <td>0.20</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>0.99</td>
                                <td>[0.97–1.02]</td>
                                <td>0.46</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Do you believe your use harms you?</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">No</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                                <td>2.76</td>
                                <td>[1.73–4.43]</td>
                                <td><bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref></bold></td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>3.02</td>
                                <td>[2.01–4.53]</td>
                                <td><bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Length of time using smartphone</td>
                                <td>1.06</td>
                                <td>[1.0–1.11]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.07</td>
                                <td>[1.01–1.13]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">How much time do you think you spend using your smartphone?</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A little time</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A moderate time</td>
                                <td>1.07</td>
                                <td>[0.35–3.23]</td>
                                <td>0.90</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.53</td>
                                <td>[0.61–3.83]</td>
                                <td>0.36</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">A lot of time</td>
                                <td>3.20</td>
                                <td>[1.07–9.57]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>6.65</td>
                                <td>[2.68 – 16.5]</td>
                                <td><bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="2" align="left">Satisfaction with life</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Dissatisfied</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Ref</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Satisfied</td>
                                <td>1.76</td>
                                <td>[0.91–3.40]</td>
                                <td>0.09</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2.10</td>
                                <td>[1.18–3.75]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Very satisfied</td>
                                <td>1.44</td>
                                <td>[0.87–2.39]</td>
                                <td>0.15</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.32</td>
                                <td>[0.86–2.05]</td>
                                <td>0.20</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Depression</td>
                                <td>1.01</td>
                                <td>[0.99–1.05]</td>
                                <td>0.13</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.04</td>
                                <td>[1.01–1.06]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Anxiety</td>
                                <td>1.02</td>
                                <td>[0.98–1.04]</td>
                                <td>0.54</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.04</td>
                                <td>[1.01–1.06]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
                                <td align="left">Stress</td>
                                <td>1.02</td>
                                <td>[0.99–1.05]</td>
                                <td>0.16</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.03</td>
                                <td>[1.0–1.06]</td>
                                <td><bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></sup></bold></td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Note: </p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN14">
                            <label>*</label>
                            <p><italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05,</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN15">
                            <label>**</label>
                            <p><italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01;</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN16">
                            <label>***</label>
                            <p><italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; Ref: Reference Group (NRU group).</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> depicts the IA association network for students and psychologists, and the connections between variables (nodes) are termed edges, in which thickness signifies the magnitude of the associations. We used two-centrality indices to access each node’s influence: Closeness (shortest paths length) and Expected influence (the product of the direct and indirect edges). The direct predictors to all participants were depression, gender, type of device used to access the Internet, and Smartphone Use (SmH). Particularly for psychologists, the Number of Messages Sent daily (NmS) and Marital Status (MS) were also direct predictors of IA. For all participants, “Having Children” (Hch) was the most expected influence node in the network, and anxiety was the second most expected influence on students’ psychologists and stress.</p>
                <fig id="f02">
                    <label>Figure 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Gaussian Graphical Model and two-centrality indices for Internet Addiction according to students and psychologists</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-estpsi-40-e210010-gf01-en.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Note: Each edge represents the zero-order correlation between two variables, and thickness represents magnitude. Those nodes (variables) with stronger inter associations appear in the center of the network. Age, ANX: Anxiety, CD: Call Delivered, CR: Call Received, DEP: Depression, GE: Gender, HCh: Do you have children?, IA: Internet Addiction, MS: Marital Status, MTi: How do you rate your mobile time use?, NCh: Number of children, NmR: Number of messages received daily, NmS: Number of messages sent daily, SmH: Does your smartphone use harm your everyday life?, STR: Stress, SWL: Satisfaction with life scale, ToU: Type of device used to access the internet, Uni: Type of university (public or private).</attrib>
                </fig>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="discussion">
                <title>Discussion</title>
                <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the prevalence of IA and its association with mental disorders from a sample comprised only of psychology students and psychologists. The main results indicated that IA’s prevalence ranged from 4% (psychologists) to 9.3% (students). Also, the average time of daily smartphone use was 5 hours among the students and 3.6 among the psychologists. All participants with IA had a significantly higher frequency of more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than non-risk individuals, especially among the professionals.</p>
                <p>Our data indicated that IA’s frequency was higher than observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wolniczak et al. (2013)</xref> (8.3% in psychology students). A potential reason for the contrasting results is that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wolniczak et al. (2013)</xref> adapted the IAT instrument for Facebook behaviors, which impedes the ability to make accurate comparisons with our data. The prevalence of IA among psychologists was lower than <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci and Sahin (2017)</xref> study, whose sample comprised various health professionals (11.4%).</p>
                <p>Some factors can influence the prevalence of IA observed in different studies, such as sample size, the types of instruments used, the context of applying these instruments, different data analysis procedures, and different demographic cultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Heo et al., 2014</xref>). In our study, the IA among psychologists was lower than that among students, and there may be specific factors that influence the use of smartphones and the Internet, one of which is age itself, given that younger generations have greater access to digital media. Thus, IA in the general population is significantly higher in adolescents and young adults than in the adult population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al., 2018</xref>). In this study, however, age was not a predictor for IA and had a low expected influence on the network model.</p>
                <p>In the present study, 40% of the professionals were married and had children, making it likely they have to spend more time on daily activities and might have less spare time. Moreover, the network analysis indicated that the nodes “number of children” and “having children” were both indirect predictors of IA and having children had the most substantial expected influence in the network of IA for both students and psychologists. The psychologists’ network analysis indicated that marital status was a direct predictor of IA (negative correlation). Interestingly, some authors observed that the total IAT score was significantly higher among professionals who were single or divorced and had up to one child, which corroborates our data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci &amp; Sahin, 2017</xref>),</p>
                <p>Regarding the time spent on the smartphone, the students reported using their devices for 4.9 hours a day, a longer time than the psychologists. A similar frequency (Mhour = 4.93) was recently detected among medical students in a Chinese province in which 5.9% presented with moderate to severe IA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Simcharoen et al., 2017</xref>). In this sense, this excessive use may impair individuals’ daily activities, as shown in our data in which approximately 40% of students and 30% of psychologists reported that their internet used caused harms in their day to day lives.</p>
                <p>Moreover, the node SmH “Does your smartphone use harm your everyday life?” was a direct predictor (with a strong positive correlation) of IA for all participants. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Cho and Lee (2016)</xref> evaluated the pattern of Internet and smartphone use in South Korean nursing students and found that almost half were distracted by their smartphones during practical professional procedures. This also seemed to be shared among qualified professionals, as the authors also detected that most students reported that they frequently observed nurses using their phones while at work. Some authors detected difficulties in managing time among nursing students in Turkey, who spent 3 to 6 hours a day online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Öksüz et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
                <p>For all participants, the prevalence of severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress was significantly higher in the RHU group. These data are relevant because they reflect a psychological illness in a population whose profession is strongly associated with promoting mental health and preventing mental illness. The anxiety node was the second most influential in the network and directly correlated with depression in the professionals. In students, Stress was the second most influential in the network. Additionally, depression was the only emotional problem directed correlated with IA on both groups by network analysis. According to other authors, these findings are an association between different mental disorders and IA, both in university students and adults. In this sense, some authors found that low self-esteem, low life satisfaction, and loneliness were the main variables associated with IA in universities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Bozoglan et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
                <p>Regarding health professionals, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Simcharoen et al. (2017)</xref> found higher levels of depression and lower levels of self-esteem and quality of life in medical students with IA than those with no problems. Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Avci and Sahin (2017)</xref> also detected a strong association between burnout syndrome and IA among health professionals such as doctors and nurses. The authors also identified other variables involved in emotional exhaustion as being predictors of IA, such as more extended working hours, more extensive work schedules and reduced sleep.</p>
                <p>Increased anxiety and stress among individuals with IA in academics and the general adult population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al., 2018</xref>) have been reported. When assessing the predictors for IA, being male significantly increased the odds in both groups. Indeed, gender was a direct predictor of IA on network analysis, showing a strong expected influence on the network, especially among the students. On the other hand, some authors reported a higher prevalence of IA among women (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
                <p>In the present study, intrapersonal factors (depression, anxiety, and stress) were predictors of IA only among professionals. In a meta-analysis conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Koo and Kwon (2014)</xref> to evaluate IA’s main risk predictors, the strongest predictors were those with intra-personal characteristics (self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, stress, etc.), rather than with interpersonal characteristics. However, these findings are not consistent in the literature, as observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kuss et al. (2018)</xref>, in which depression and stress were not predictors of IA, both in students and adults. Perceptions of Internet use was the strongest predictor in our study, both for students and psychologists. These data are consistent with other authors that observed a strong correlation between the perception of internet use and smartphone addiction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Carbonell et al., 2018</xref>). This study comprised a sample of 792 universities, of which 30% were psychology students.</p>
                <p>This study has some limitations that have to be considered. First, participants completed an online survey, and were recruited through different strategies for each sample (students and psychologists), which may suggest some sample bias in subpopulations with specific characteristics. Second, because this is a cross-sectional study, it is impossible to establish causal relationships among variables. In the future, we intend to conduct a longitudinal study to investigate this issue. Third, IA might actuate as a confounding factor for smartphone addiction because there are no specific instruments validated in Brazil to evaluate smartphone use in adults.</p>
                <p>Our study also has some strengths, considering the originality of our data. This is the first study evaluating IA’s relationship with psychosocial variables regarding psychologists and psychology students on the same study. Another strength is the sample size that comprised participants from all Brazilian regions and the type of statistical analyses performed.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>Conclusion</title>
                <p>Our main findings indicated a prevalence of IA of approximately 9% and 4% among students and psychologists, respectively. The IA was associated with greater severity of anxiety, depression, and stress and lower satisfaction with life in all individuals. Also, several variables were found to be predictors of IA, mainly among professionals. Network analysis showed that gender, type of device used to access the Internet and depression were the main direct predictors of all participants. Nevertheless, “having children” and “stress” was the most expected influence on students of psychology, while “having children” and “anxiety” were the most expected influence on psychologists.</p>
            </sec>
        </body>
        <back>
            <ack>
                <title>Acknowledgment</title>
                <p>We thank Dr. Andrew Kim (Ryerson University, Toronto) for providing critical suggestions and carefully revise this manuscript.</p>
            </ack>
            <fn-group>
                <fn fn-type="other">
                    <p>Article based on the dissertation of A. SCATENA, entitled “<italic>Avaliação do impacto do uso de mídias digitais em estudantes brasileiros de graduação e pós-graduação: uma análise exploratória</italic>”. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2017.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="other">
                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Andrade, A. L. M., Scatena, A., Bedendo, A., Machado, W. L., Oliveira, W. A., Lopes, F. M., &amp; De Micheli, D. (2023). Excessive Internet and smartphone use and emotional problems in students of psychology and psychologists. <italic>Estudos de Psicologia</italic> (Campinas), <italic>40</italic>, e210010. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202340e210010en</ext-link></p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p><italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Finance Code 001); <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (303163/2020-8).</p>
                </fn>
            </fn-group>
        </back>
    </sub-article>
</article>
