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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rn</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Revista de Nutrição</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Nutr</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">1415-5273</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1678-9865</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00200</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088pt</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIÊ | 85 anos de atuação profissional do nutricionista no Brasil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Novos campos de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil: a emergência das inovações tecnológicas digitais, incluindo o uso da inteligência artificial</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
                        <given-names>Francisco de Assis Guedes de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ciências da Saúde</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c01">E-mail: <email>f.vasconcelos@ufsc.br</email>.</corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editora</label>
                    <p>Vânia Aparecida Leandro Merhi</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflitos de interesse</label>
                    <p>O autor declara não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>38</volume>
            <elocation-id>e240088</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>28</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>23</day>
                    <month>08</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>RESUMO</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>Realizar reflexão sobre novos campos de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, com ênfase na aplicação das inovações tecnológicas digitais, incluindo a inteligência artificial.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Métodos</title>
                    <p>Estudo de revisão bibliográfica exploratória e análise documental de resoluções e estatísticas do número de nutricionistas existentes no país do Conselho Federal de Nutrição.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>No conjunto das 34 especialidades em Nutrição reconhecidas pelo Conselho Federal de Nutrição, a Nutrição de Precisão destaca-se, no contexto mundial e no Brasil, como novo paradigma científico voltado à elucidação da complexa e multicausal determinação dos problemas nutricionais. A revisão da literatura evidenciou que, tanto a Nutrição de Precisão como as tecnologias digitais, incluindo a inteligência artificial, têm sido aplicadas na prática profissional de nutricionistas nos distintos campos de conhecimento e atuação, tais como: desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais; criação de instrumentos e equipamentos utilizados no diagnóstico e tratamento dos problemas nutricionais; e na terapia e aconselhamento nutricional de amplo conjunto de doenças, distúrbios e condições de saúde (obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, hipertensão arterial, câncer, síndrome metabólica, transtornos alimentares etc.).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>A ampliação das áreas de atuação e das especialidades em Nutrição parece alinhar-se às exigências definidas por: expansão do número de profissionais; mercado de trabalho; busca de identificação com outras profissões do setor saúde; e inovações tecnológicas da ciência, no contexto mundial. A atuação do nutricionista brasileiro na especialidade Nutrição de Precisão e na aplicação de tecnologias digitais, incluindo inteligência artificial, aponta que estes novos e promissores campos, são ainda muito incipientes.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Áreas de especialidade</kwd>
                <kwd>Especialização</kwd>
                <kwd>Inteligência artificial</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutricionistas</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutrigenômica</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutrição de precisão</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <counts>
                <fig-count count="2"/>
                <table-count count="8"/>
                <equation-count count="0"/>
                <ref-count count="88"/>
            </counts>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
            <p>Nas últimas décadas, no cenário mundial e no Brasil, com o intenso desenvolvimento da comunicação e informática, da genética e das teorias sobre a sustentabilidade ecológica do planeta, importantes mudanças paradigmáticas têm ocorrido no campo da Nutrição. Entre os novos <italic>paradigmas científicos</italic> (na perspectiva filosófica de Thomas Khun) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] que passaram a circular no <italic>campo científico</italic> da Nutrição (na perspectiva sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>], destacam-se os paradigmas considerados dominantes ou hegemônicos (<italic>hegemonia</italic> na perspectiva política de Antônio Gramsci) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>], os quais são centrados nas inovações tecnológicas e da genética (<italic>Nutrição de Precisão, Nutrigenômica, Nutrigenética</italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] e os chamados paradigmas alternativos ou concorrentes, tais como o paradigma da sustentabilidade, da soberania e segurança alimentar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Sendo assim, evidências relatadas na literatura científica têm apontado a ocorrência deste processo de internacionalização de novos paradigmas científicos no campo da Nutrição, tanto no grupo de países mais desenvolvidos economicamente (G7) – Estados Unidos da América [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>], Japão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>], Alemanha [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>], Reino Unido [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>], França [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>], Itália [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] e Canadá [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>], como no grupo das maiores economias emergentes (BRICS), como Brasil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>], Rússia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>], Índia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], China [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] e África do Sul [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>].</p>
            <p>Portanto, o atual cenário de atuação do nutricionista, tanto no Brasil como no mundo, levando em consideração os estudos revisados oriundos dos países do G7 e do BRICS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>], revela que, nas últimas décadas, os procedimentos analógicos de diagnóstico, aconselhamento e terapia nutricional que caracterizaram a prática profissional ao longo de sua história [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>] vêm sendo crescentemente substituídos por novas tecnologias digitais, incluindo o uso da Inteligência Artificial (IA) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>].</p>
            <p>No Brasil, os avanços da ciência da Nutrição têm proporcionado o surgimento de novas áreas para atuação do nutricionista. Com base nas mudanças ocorridas nos campos de atuação, o Conselho Federal de Nutrição (CFN), denominação atual desta entidade, tem procurado atualizar o conjunto de normativas que orientam, disciplinam e fiscalizam o exercício da profissão de nutricionista no país. Entre tais normativas estabelecidas pelo CFN, destacam-se: (i) a resolução CFN nº 600/2018, que dispõe sobre a definição das áreas de atuação do nutricionista e suas atribuições [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]; (ii) a resolução CFN Nº 679/2021, que regulamenta o exercício das práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde (PICS) pelo nutricionista [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]; (iii) a resolução nº 680/2021, que regulamenta a prática da Fitoterapia pelo nutricionista [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]; (iv) a resolução CFN nº 689/2021, que regulamenta o reconhecimento de especialidades em Nutrição [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]; (v) a resolução CFN Nº 705/2021, que institui o código de processamento ético-disciplinar de nutricionista [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]; (vi) a resolução CFN nº 731/2022, que dispõe sobre a prescrição dietética, pelo nutricionista, de suplementos alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]; e (vii) a resolução CFN Nº 760/2023, que define e regulamenta a <italic>telenutrição</italic> como forma de atendimento e/ou prestação de serviços [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]. Vale destacar que a resolução que regulamenta a <italic>telenutrição</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>] surgiu como normatização de uma prática que foi difundida, no contexto mundial e no Brasil, em função das medidas de distanciamento social adotadas no período de pandemia da Doença por Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>]. Entre as considerações elencadas pelo CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], destaca-se a necessidade de adequação à Lei nº 14.510/2022, que autoriza e disciplina a prática da telessaúde, em todo o território nacional, a todas as profissões da área da saúde [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>].</p>
            <p>Em síntese, o conjunto de normativas estabelecidas pelo CFN entre 2018-2023 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], todas elas relacionadas às áreas de atuação, às especialidades e aos aspectos éticos, técnico-científicos e metodológicos do exercício profissional do nutricionista parece expressar uma tentativa de atualização ou adequação desta entidade ao complexo e multidimensional perfil epidemiológico e nutricional da população brasileira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], bem como ao perfil de inserção profissional e mercado de trabalho do nutricionista no país [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. Por outro lado, parece expressar, de forma muito mais nítida, uma tentativa de aproximação aos novos paradigmas do processo de globalização da ciência e da profissão, particularmente, aqueles centrados no uso das tecnologias digitais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>].</p>
            <p>Nos últimos cinco anos, são escassos ou inexistentes os estudos sobre áreas de atuação, especialidades e uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo IA, desenvolvidos por nutricionistas no Brasil, justificando a relevância, oportunidade e pertinência do presente artigo.</p>
            <p>O objetivo do presente artigo é realizar reflexão sobre novos campos de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, com ênfase na aplicação das inovações tecnológicas digitais, incluindo a IA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>MÉTODOS</title>
            <p>O estudo utilizou dois procedimentos metodológicos distintos: 1) Análise documental de resoluções e estatísticas do CFN relacionadas às áreas de atuação, às especialidades e aos aspectos éticos, técnico-científicos e metodológicos do exercício profissional do nutricionista no Brasil; e 2) Revisão bibliográfica exploratória sobre as temáticas <italic>Nutrição de Precisão e uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo a</italic> IA, no contexto dos países do G7 e do BRICS.</p>
            <p>O artigo encontra-se estruturado em três seções. A primeira seção procura relatar os resultados da análise documental, cujo objetivo foi traçar um perfil descritivo, panorama ou contextualização das áreas de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, com base na análise das normativas e dados do CFN. Realizou-se análise descritiva da resolução do CFN nº 600/2018 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>], complementada com a descrição do quadro estatístico de nutricionistas existentes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], apresentação de um breve recorte da pesquisa de inserção do nutricionista no Brasil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>], além de buscar descrever e refletir sobre a resolução do CFN nº 689/2021[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], que define as especialidades em Nutrição. A segunda seção procura relatar os resultados da revisão de literatura sobre a Nutrição de Precisão como especialidade do nutricionista no Brasil. Por último, a terceira seção busca relatar o uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo os dispositivos de IA, nas distintas áreas de atuação do nutricionista, no contexto mundial e no Brasil.</p>
            <p>O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases eletrônicas de dados PubMed® (MEDLINE), <italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic> (SciELO) e Google Scholar, usando-se estratégias de buscas específicas para cada base, de acordo com cada temática investigada.</p>
            <p>Na captura de artigos sobre as temáticas <italic>Nutrição de Precisão e uso de tecnologias digitais</italic>, incluindo a IA, no contexto dos países do G7 e do BRICS, a busca foi feita exclusivamente na base PubMed®. Nesta base de dados a busca foi feita de forma isolada para cada um destes dois assuntos, usando estratégias avançadas com unitermos associados: <italic>nutritionists</italic> AND <italic>personalized nutrition; e nutritionists</italic> AND <italic>artificial intelligence</italic> AND o nome do país em inglês, sem filtro de data de publicação, na tentativa de identificar o ano de início das publicações na temática (primeiro artigo).</p>
            <p>Para a captura de artigos publicados por pesquisadores brasileiros foram realizadas buscas por temáticas específicas em cada uma das três bases de dados investigadas. Por exemplos, na base PubMed®, para a temática Nutrição de Precisão, utilizou-se estratégia de busca avançada do unitermo <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> associado (AND) ao unitermo <italic>Brazil</italic> e filtros para a data de publicação dos artigos. Na base SciELO.org, utilizou-se a estratégia de busca avançada com o unitermo <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> associado ao unitermo Brasil sem uso de filtros. Ressalta-se que estratégias análogas foram usadas para a busca dos unitermos <italic>Nutrição Personalizada</italic> (<italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic>) e <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic> (<italic>Nutrigenomics</italic>), considerados como termos equivalentes ou sinônimos de <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> (<italic>Precision Nutrition</italic>) pela literatura desta área de conhecimento. De forma semelhante foram feitas as estratégias de buscas para a temática uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo a IA.</p>
            <p>O processo de seleção e exclusão dos estudos incluídos na revisão de ambas as temáticas ocorreu a partir da leitura dos títulos, das palavras-chave e resumos dos artigos capturados. As buscas não tiveram caráter exaustivo, nem de análise da qualidade metodológica e dos resultados dos estudos. Para cada temática investigada buscou-se apenas identificar a existência quantitativa e o ano de início das publicações, e selecionar alguns exemplos de artigos publicados, preferencialmente, nos últimos cinco anos. Sendo assim, na revisão da temática <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> foram incluídos, de forma intencional, 14 estudos, dos quais dez são artigos de revisão de literatura e quatro artigos originais. Por sua vez, na revisão da temática <italic>uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo IA</italic>, também de forma intencional, foram incluídos 20 artigos, dos quais 12 são artigos originais para cada um dos países do G7 e do BRICS (África do Sul, Alemanha, Brasil, Canadá, China, Estados Unidos da América, França, Índia, Itália, Japão, Reino Unido e Rússia), quatro são artigos de revisão de literatura e quatro são artigos originais de pesquisadores brasileiros.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>As áreas de atuação e as especialidades do nutricionista no Brasil</title>
                <p>De acordo com a resolução do CFN nº 600/2018, são reconhecidas seis grandes áreas de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil: 1) Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; 2) Nutrição Clínica; 3) Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico; 4) Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; 5) Nutrição na Cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimentos; e 6) Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>].</p>
                <p>No contexto de 2018, o reconhecimento pelo CFN destas seis grandes áreas de atuação do nutricionista parece ter sido fundamentado tanto em evidências científicas sobre o complexo e multidimensional perfil epidemiológico e nutricional da população brasileira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], como em pesquisa de delimitação da inserção profissional e mercado de trabalho do nutricionista no país, realizada em 2016-2017 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. De fato, nos parece que um dos aspectos inovadores desta normativa, em relação às anteriores, foi a tentativa de ressignificar as terminologias usadas para definir estas seis grandes áreas de atuação. Ou seja, as terminologias das seis áreas iniciam com o termo mais amplo que caracteriza o campo científico ou profissional (Nutrição) e na sequência são expressos os termos que designam a área específica ou subcampo de atuação (ou conhecimento). Outra importante alteração em relação à normativa anterior (Resolução CFN nº 380/2005) foi a redução de sete para seis, das áreas de atuação, sendo excluída a área “Marketing na área de Alimentação e Nutrição” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Essa configuração em seis grandes áreas procura manter-se alinhada aos aspectos históricos dos 85 anos de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, retratados em estudos anteriores [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], bem como busca incorporar aspectos relacionados aos avanços dos conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos do campo da Nutrição dentro do contexto mundial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. Vale ressaltar que, ressalvadas as especificidades de terminologias, essa configuração também conserva semelhança com as configurações adotadas em outros países, tais como aqueles que fazem parte da “<italic>The International Confederation of Dietetic Associations</italic> (ICDA)” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. Conforme descrevem Shen et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>], a ICDA é uma entidade criada em 1952, reunindo associações de Nutrição e Dietética de países da Europa, América do Norte, Asia, África e América Latina [incluindo o Brasil, representado pela Associação Brasileira de Nutrição – ASBRAN], tendo entre seus objetivos estabelecer normativas internacionais para o processo de formação e de atuação do nutricionista. Ou seja, o estudo de Shen et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>] procura relatar a experiência da implantação, em 2017, do sistema de registro de nutricionistas (dietistas, terminologia usada naquele país) na China, comparando-o com as normativas que regulamentam a profissão em outros países, tais como Estados Unidos da América, Japão e Reino Unido.</p>
                <p>Ao longo da história de 85 anos do nutricionista no Brasil, particularmente, nas duas últimas décadas, tem sido observado um crescente aumento do quantitativo de profissionais e, simultaneamente, de ampliação das áreas e subáreas de atuação, conforme relatado em estudos anteriores [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. De acordo com as estatísticas do CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], até 31 de março de 2024, existiam um universo de 214.293 nutricionistas no Brasil, sendo as dez maiores concentrações registradas nos estados de São Paulo (<italic>n</italic>=52.123; 24,3%), Rio de Janeiro (<italic>n</italic>=25.911; 12,1%), Minas Gerais (<italic>n</italic>=18.565; 8,7%), Bahia (<italic>n</italic>=12.779; 6,0%); Rio Grande do Sul (<italic>n</italic>=11.633; 5,4%), Paraná (<italic>n</italic>=11.132; 5,2%), Pernambuco (<italic>n</italic>=9.361; 4,4%), Santa Catarina (<italic>n</italic>=8.562; 4,0%), Ceará (<italic>n</italic>=7.537; 3,5%) e Distrito Federal (<italic>n</italic>=6.318; 2,9%).</p>
                <p>Como esse total de 214.293 nutricionistas se distribuem pelas seis grandes áreas de atuação? Na ausência de informações para o ano de 2024, tomou-se como parâmetro a pesquisa realizada em 2016-2017, a partir de uma amostra aleatória e estratificada de 1.104 nutricionistas atuantes nos distintos CRNs, com estimativa de 95% de nível de confiança e margem de erro de 3 pontos percentuais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os resultados da pesquisa do CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>] em relação à distribuição do percentual de nutricionistas brasileiros por áreas de atuação, observando-se a seguinte ordem decrescente de frequência: Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva (30,8%), Nutrição Clínica (30,4%), Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva (17,7%), Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão (Docência) (11,4), Nutrição na cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimentos (2,6%) e Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico (2,5%). A pesquisa revelou que as duas mais tradicionais áreas de atuação do nutricionista brasileiro (Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva e Nutrição Clínica), concentravam 61,2% do universo dos profissionais. Comparando-se aos dados de pesquisa anterior, observou-se que entre 2005 e 2017 ocorreram importantes aumentos dos percentuais de nutricionistas nas áreas de Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva e Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão (Docência), o que pode ser explicado pelo relevante incremento de políticas sociais nos campos da Nutrição e Saúde, bem como pela crescente expansão do número de cursos de graduação em Nutrição, verificados no período [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>].</p>
                <fig id="f01">
                    <label>Figura 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Distribuição do percentual de nutricionistas brasileiros por áreas de atuação profissional, segundo dados do Conselho Federal de Nutrição, Brasil, 2017.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-rn-38-e240088-gf01.tif"/>
                    <attrib>Fonte: Elaborada a partir de dados do CFN [46].</attrib>
                </fig>
                <p>Por sua vez, ao longo da trajetória histórica de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, ao mesmo tempo em que se ampliou o quantitativo de profissionais e suas áreas de atuação, também se observou a ampliação das especialidades reconhecidas pelas entidades normativas da profissão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. De acordo com a resolução do CFN nº 689/2021, são reconhecidas 34 especialidades em Nutrição com finalidade de atuação acadêmica e/ou profissional [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]. No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref> apresentamos a lista destas especialidades em Nutrição, o qual denota o esforço da entidade em procurar alinhamento e atualização, frente aos avanços do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico da Nutrição e do mercado de trabalho [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]. A ampliação das especialidades em Nutrição, conforme considera o CFN, busca também um alinhamento às outras categorias profissionais da área da saúde, tais como Medicina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] e Enfermagem [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>], profissões em que são observados relevantes níveis de especialização.</p>
                <p>Observa-se no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref>, que do conjunto de especialidades em Nutrição, pelo menos 13 (38,2%) constituem subáreas de conhecimento da <italic>Nutrição Clínica</italic>, historicamente, considerada área matriz da ciência e da profissão no contexto mundial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Verifica-se ainda que na denominação de cada especialidade buscou-se uma estreita identificação com os títulos das especializações do campo da Medicina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>], procedimento que se justifica pela maior proximidade que essa área de atuação do nutricionista, historicamente, apresenta com os paradigmas do campo biomédico [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>].</p>
                <table-wrap id="t05">
                    <label>Quadro 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Lista das 34 especialidades de atuação acadêmica e/ou profissional do nutricionista, conforme estabelece o Conselho Federal de Nutrição, categorizadas por áreas de atuação. Brasil, 2024.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <th>Áreas de atuação</th>
                                <th>&nbsp;</th>
                                <th>Especialidades em Nutrição</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td rowspan="13">Nutrição Clínica</td>
                                <td>1.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>2.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Cardiologia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>3.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Cuidados Paliativos;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>4.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Endocrinologia e Metabologia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>5.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Gastroenterologia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>6.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Gerontologia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>7.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Nefrologia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>8.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Oncoogia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>9.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica em Terapia Intensiva;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>10.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição de Precisão;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>11.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>12.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Materno-Infantil;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">(a)</xref></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>13.</td>
                                <td>Terapia de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td rowspan="5">Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva</td>
                                <td>14.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>15.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva Hospitalar;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>16.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição na Produção de Refeições Comerciais;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>17.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Alimentação Escolar;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">(b)</xref></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>18.</td>
                                <td>Qualidade e Segurança dos Alimentos.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td rowspan="9">Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva</td>
                                <td>19.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>20.</td>
                                <td>Gestão de Políticas Públicas e Programas em Alimentação e Nutrição;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>21.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Atenção Primária e Saúde da Família e Comunidade;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>22.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Indígena;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>23.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde de Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>24.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde da Mulher;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>25.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Mental;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>26.</td>
                                <td>Educação Alimentar e Nutricional;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">(c)</xref></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>27.</td>
                                <td>Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td>Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico</td>
                                <td>28.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td>Nutrição na cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimentos;</td>
                                <td>29.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição na cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimentos.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td rowspan="5">Especialidades não incluídas nas grandes áreas de atuação</td>
                                <td>30.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição e Alimentos funcionais;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>31.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição e Fitoterapia;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>32.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Vegetarianismo;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">(d)</xref></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>33.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Estética;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td>34.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Marketing.</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Notas:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN05">
                            <label>(a)</label>
                            <p>Especialidade, cuja terminologia, poderia seria ser equivalente à “Nutrição em Pediatria” e/ou “Nutrição em Ginecologia”. Também poderia ser vinculada à área de Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN06">
                            <label>(b)</label>
                            <p>Especialidade que pode ser comum ou compartilhada com a área de Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN07">
                            <label>(c)</label>
                            <p>Especialidade que no processo de formação acadêmica constitui campo ou núcleo de conhecimentos da área de Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva, mas que na prática profissional deveria ser compartilhada por todas as áreas.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN08">
                            <label>(d)</label>
                            <p>Terminologia alterada pelo CFN a partir de junho de 2024.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Fonte: Elaborada a partir de normativa do CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>].</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>As especialidades que constituem subáreas de atuação da Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva, considerada a terceira área de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil, no contexto de sua trajetória histórica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref>, compreendem pelo menos nove (26,5%) do total de categorias. Observa-se que os títulos dessas especialidades conservam certa identificação com terminologias usadas na área da Saúde Coletiva, um campo de conhecimento científico de natureza epistemológica multidisciplinar e próximo às Ciências Humanas e Sociais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p>
                <p>As especialidades que representam subáreas específicas da <italic>Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva</italic>, considerada a segunda área de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], de acordo com o <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref>, totalizam pelo menos cinco modalidades. Acredita-se que o número de especialidades da <italic>Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva</italic> tenha sido subestimado pela Resolução CFN nº 689 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], talvez porque determinadas subáreas não atenderam aos critérios estabelecidos. Embora a área de <italic>Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva</italic> detivesse, em 2016, conforme pesquisa do CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>], o maior percentual de nutricionistas atuantes, bem como contemplasse uma ampla distribuição de subáreas e segmentos de atuação, segundo Resolução CFN nº 600/2018 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Por exemplo, segmentos específicos de atuação como a gestão do nutricionista no Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador (PAT) e em unidades de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) de indústrias e hotéis, entre outros segmentos.</p>
                <p>Entre as especialidades em Nutrição reconhecidas pelo CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref>), algumas destacam-se por constituírem núcleos de conhecimentos, habilidades e competência técnico-científica de natureza transversal, ou seja, devem ser compartilhados por todas as áreas, a exemplo, da Educação Alimentar e Nutricional. Outras, em função da relevância epidemiológica e social, da complexidade e do acúmulo de conhecimentos específicos, nos últimos anos, têm ganhado status de área de atuação profissional, a exemplo, <italic>Nutrição de Precisão, Nutrição e Alimentos Funcionais, Nutrição e Fitoterapia, Nutrição em Estética, Nutrição em Marketing, Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares</italic>, e <italic>Nutrição em Vegetarianismo</italic>. Destaca-se, ainda, o não reconhecimento da área de <italic>Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão</italic> (Docência) como uma especialidade em Nutrição. Neste sentido, vale destacar que tomando como parâmetros de comparação as normativas da Medicina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] e Enfermagem [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>], observam-se comportamentos bem distintos em relação à questão da Docência (Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão) entre estas profissões. Na Resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina, Docência não é reconhecida nem como área de atuação, tampouco como especialidade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. Ao passo que na Resolução do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem, Docência é reconhecida tanto como área de atuação, como de especialidades [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Na Enfermagem são reconhecidas oito especialidades da área de Docência (ou Ensino e Pesquisa, conforme terminologia usada pela norma específica desta profissão), a saber: (i) <italic>Bioética</italic>; (ii) <italic>Educação em Enfermagem</italic> (Metodologia do Ensino Superior; Metodologia da Pesquisa Científica; Docência do Ensino Superior; Projetos Assistenciais de Enfermagem; Docência para Educação Profissional; e Docência em Ciências da Saúde); (iii) <italic>Educação Permanente e Continuada em Saúde</italic>; (iv) <italic>Enfermagem</italic>; (v) <italic>Enfermagem em Pesquisa Clínica</italic>; (vi) <italic>Ética</italic>; (vii) <italic>Bases Epistemológicas e Filosóficas da Enfermagem</italic>; e (viii) <italic>A História da Enfermagem</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Portanto, o exemplo da Enfermagem poderia ser tomado como reflexão pelo CFN para futuras atualizações de suas normativas.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>A Nutrição de Precisão como especialidade do nutricionista no Brasil</title>
                <p>A emergência da <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> ou <italic>Nutrição Personalizada</italic> como campo de atuação do nutricionista é um fenômeno relativamente recente, no contexto mundial e no Brasil. Evidências sobre a difusão do conceito de <italic>Nutrição Personalizada</italic> apontam que as primeiras publicações científicas ocorreram a partir da primeira década do Século XXI [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. O uso do termo <italic>Nutrição Personalizada</italic> tem sua origem associada aos termos <italic>Genômica Nutricional</italic> (ou <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic> ou <italic>Nutrigenética</italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. De acordo com a literatura examinada, foi a partir do evento de sequenciamento do genoma humano e do subsequente avanço do conhecimento sobre a variabilidade da genética humana que surgiu o campo da <italic>Nutrição Persona</italic>No-Break<italic>lizadaNo-Break</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>].</p>
                <p>A <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> fundamenta-se no princípio da interação complexa e multidimensional da heterogeneidade metabólica dos indivíduos em relação às necessidades e às respostas à ingestão de alimentos e nutrientes, que envolve fatores biológicos, psicossociais, ambientais e, principalmente, variações na genética, epigenética e microbiota. A <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> assume a premissa de que, a partir da análise do genoma dos indivíduos é possível distinguir os que respondem daqueles que não respondem às intervenções e tratamentos dietéticos, possibilitando, portanto, a elaboração de planos de terapia nutricional e de aconselhamento dietético mais precisos e eficazes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>].</p>
                <p>Em conformidade com a revisão de literatura realizada, observa-se que a <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> tem sido empregada em distintos campos que utilizam as tecnologias ômicas, no desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais e na prática clínica voltada à terapia e aconselhamento nutricional de amplo conjunto de doenças, distúrbios e condições de saúde, tais como obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, hipertensão arterial, câncer, síndrome metabólica, transtornos alimentares etc. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>]. Na seção anterior deste artigo, apontamos que, conforme Resolução do CFN nº 689/2021 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], a <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> constitui uma especialidade característica da área de atuação <italic>Nutrição Clínica</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Quadro 1</xref>). Entretanto, conforme revisão de literatura realizada, observou-se que os fundamentos da <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> são aplicados também nas demais áreas de atuação profissional do nutricionista. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref> são apresentados os resultados das buscas exploratórias na base PubMed® sobre esta temática investigada no presente artigo. Observa-se ,então, que foram localizados 1.368 artigos sobre a temática nos 12 países do G7 e do BRICS, sendo as cinco maiores frequências nos Estados Unidos da América, Canadá, Reino Unido, Brasil e Itália.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t06">
                    <label>Tabela 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Total de artigos capturados e o período de publicação para os 12 países investigados do G7 e do BRICS, de acordo com busca na base PubMed, em 14 de maio de 2024, a partir das estratégias avançadas refinadas.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th rowspan="2" align="left">País</th>
                                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritionists AND Personalized Nutrition AND País</th>
                                <th rowspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
                                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritionists AND Artificial Intelligence AND País</th>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th>Total de artigos capturados</th>
                                <th>Período de publicação</th>
                                <th>Total de artigos capturados</th>
                                <th>Período de publicação</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tfoot>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Total</td>
                                <td>1.368</td>
                                <td>1946-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>12</td>
                                <td>2011-2024</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tfoot>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Estados Unidos da América</td>
                                <td>404</td>
                                <td>1994-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                                <td>2020-2024</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Japão</td>
                                <td>57</td>
                                <td>1964-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Alemanha</td>
                                <td>37</td>
                                <td>2000-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                                <td>2018</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Reino Unido</td>
                                <td>196</td>
                                <td>1978-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                                <td>2016-2024</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">França</td>
                                <td>56</td>
                                <td>1952-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Itália</td>
                                <td>123</td>
                                <td>1997-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                                <td>2024</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Canadá</td>
                                <td>223</td>
                                <td>1946-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                                <td>2023</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                                <td>161</td>
                                <td>1953-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                                <td>2014</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Rússia</td>
                                <td>3</td>
                                <td>1999-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Índia</td>
                                <td>37</td>
                                <td>1988-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                                <td>Não capturados</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">China</td>
                                <td>46</td>
                                <td>1996-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                                <td>2011-2024</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">África do Sul</td>
                                <td>25</td>
                                <td>1964-2024</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>2</td>
                                <td>2023-2024</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Ainda, no contexto da difusão do conceito de <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic>, no ano de 2016, a Sociedade Internacional de Nutrigenética/Nutrigenômica, já alertava que este emergente campo científico deveria ser aplicado na prática profissional em saúde, a partir da utilização de uma base sólida de conhecimentos derivados da <italic>Nutrigenética</italic> e <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>]. No Brasil, no campo da <italic>Nutrição Humana</italic>, o uso do termo <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic>, ainda é raro ou inexistente nas publicações da base SciELO. Foram encontradas apenas três publicações usando este unitermo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>]. Por sua vez, usando o unitermo <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic>, cinco publicações foram localizadas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]. Portanto, deduziu-se que a emergência do conceito de <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic> no Brasil, tomando como referência a base de dados SciELO, aconteceu a partir do ano 2008, com a publicação de estudo pioneiro de Fialho et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>] e na sequência o estudo de Vasconcelos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], publicado em 2010, sendo ambos ensaios de natureza teórica, conceitual e histórica.</p>
                <p>Por outro lado, na base de dados PubMed®, foram capturadas distintas publicações de pesquisadores brasileiros, usando os indexadores <italic>Nutrição de Precisão ou Nutrição Personalizada</italic> ou <italic>Nutrigenômica</italic>. Tais publicações em periódicos internacionais parecem emergir a partir de 2017. No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Quadro 2</xref> apresentamos a lista dos 14 artigos selecionados na busca realizada sobre <italic>Nutrição de Precisão e nutricionista</italic>, em 05 maio de 2023, segundo autor/ano, país/local, objetivo e potenciais áreas de aplicação. Nesta seção do artigo, dos 14 estudos selecionados, nove são de pesquisadores brasileiros, sendo seis artigos de revisão bibliográfica e três investigações empíricas (dados primários) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>]. Dos cinco artigos de pesquisadores internacionais selecionados para compor a seção, quatro são artigos de revisão e apenas um de natureza empírica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>]. Os nove artigos de autoria de pesquisadores brasileiros, vinculados a instituições públicas de distintos estados (São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Brasília, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Norte), abordam temáticas pertinentes ao uso de procedimentos relacionados à <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic>, tais como: cirurgia bariátrica; ácidos graxos de fórmulas infantis <italic>versus</italic> leite humano; consumo alimentar e riscos metabólicos; métodos de determinação da Vitamina D; câncer de ovário; obesidade; microbiota; antioxidantes; ética e bioética.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t07">
                    <label>Quadro 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Lista dos artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, selecionados na busca realizada sobre Nutrição de Precisão e nutricionista, em 5 maio de 2023, segundo autor/ano, país/local, objetivo e potenciais áreas de aplicação.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <th>Autor / ano</th>
                                <th align="center">País / Local</th>
                                <th align="center">Objetivo</th>
                                <th align="center">Áreas de atuação (Aplicação)</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Renner et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Alemanha, Konstanz</td>
                                <td>Ensaio teórico-conceitual. Propõe estender as abordagens atuais de Nutrição Personalizada criando sistemas adaptativos de aconselhamento nutricional personalizado (APNASs) que são adaptados ao tipo e ao momento do aconselhamento personalizado para necessidades, capacidades e receptividade individuais em ambientes alimentares da vida real.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição Clínica, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Kirk et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                <td align="center">Holanda, Wageningen</td>
                                <td>Revisão sistemática da literatura para fornecer uma visão geral de onde e como o aprendizado de máquina foi usado em Nutrição de Precisão de vários aspectos, o que esses modelos de aprendizado de máquina usam como recursos de entrada, qual é o status de disponibilidade dos dados usados na literatura e como os modelos são avaliados.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição Clínica, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Antwi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">EUA, Prairie View</td>
                                <td>O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é sintetizar a pesquisa atual e examinar o estado da ciência em relação ao efeito da Nutrição de Precisão na melhora dos fatores de risco da obesidade e do diabetes tipo 2.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Cunha &amp; Duarte<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">Portugal, Viseu</td>
                                <td>Este artigo apresenta os conceitos, requisitos e arquitetura de uma solução que auxilia o nutricionista a criar e revisar planos alimentares e o usuário a segui-los. Ele faz isso minimizando a interação humano-computador ao integrar os sistemas do nutricionista e do usuário e introduzindo dispositivos IoT prontos para uso no sistema, como sensores de temperatura, smartwatches, smartphones e garrafas inteligentes.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Martínez-Garay et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Espanha, Madri</td>
                                <td>Esta revisão tem como objetivo fornecer aos pesquisadores e clínicos da área de oncologia uma visão geral completa do cenário contemporâneo de intervenções nutricionais e nutrição de precisão como terapêuticas para o câncer, além de oferecer uma perspectiva sobre as etapas necessárias para estabelecer intervenções nutricionais como uma linha padrão de tratamento.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Fischer et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Curitiba (PR)</td>
                                <td>O estudo consistiu em um mapa quantitativo do panorama nutrigenômico no contexto científico e popular do Brasil, e em uma análise bibliográfica exploratória com o objetivo de identificar os agentes e pacientes morais, bem como as vulnerabilidades para promover uma reflexão à luz da Bioética.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição Clínica, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Teixeira &amp; Melo<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Juiz de Fora (MG)</td>
                                <td>Revisão e análise crítica de Trabalhos pesquisados eletronicamente por meio do banco de dados da Pubmed. Avaliar a relação da microbiota intestinal e dos compostos bioativos do alimento na modulação de genes relacionados a obesidade, evidenciando os principais mecanismos epigenéticos.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Almeida [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (RJ)</td>
                                <td>Revisão tem o objetivo de explorar os principais aspectos da medicina personalizada concernentes a doenças relacionadas à idade nos dados farmacogenômicos e nutrigenômicos, abordando as preocupações bioéticas envolvidas no uso desses dados.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clíníca; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Nicoletti et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>] / 2017</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Ribeirão Preto (SP)</td>
                                <td>Esta revisão fornece uma visão geral da literatura de novas descobertas que relacionam genômica nutricional e cirurgia bariátrica. Ela também descreve a importância dos conceitos de genômica nutricional no tratamento bariátrico personalizado. Ela inclui uma discussão sobre o papel potencial que a cirurgia bariátrica desempenha na alteração dos três pilares da genômica nutricional: nutrigenética, nutrigenômica e epigenética.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clíníca; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Lopes et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>] / 2028</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Campo Grande (MS)</td>
                                <td>Empregou-se metabolômica baseada em ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) para comparar os perfis lipídicos de 12 amostras comerciais de fórmulas infantis e 10 amostras de leite materno. Além disso, vegetais, peixes e óleo de microalgas como matérias-primas em fórmulas infantis também foram investigados para entender o perfil lipídico das fórmulas infantis.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição na cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimento; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Duarte et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Brasília<break/> (DF)</td>
                                <td>Estudo duplo-cego controlado por placebo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de uma ingestão aguda de suco de PS sobre a inflamação, parâmetros metabólicos e expressão gênica em células imunes circulantes em humanos.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Martins et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, São Carlos<break/> (SP)</td>
                                <td>O estudo relata o desenvolvimento de chips imunossensores flexíveis e sem rótulos feitos com dendritos de ouro semelhantes a árvores (AuDdrites) formados eletroquimicamente por dessorção seletiva de l-cisteína (L-cys) em (111) planos de ouro. Eles podem ser estendidos para uso como sensores vestíveis com sua flexibilidade mecânica e possível personalização para o monitoramento do metabolólito de 25-hidroxivitamina D3.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição na cadeia de Produção, na Indústria e no Comércio de Alimento; entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Tecchio Borsoi et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Campinas<break/> (SP)</td>
                                <td>Revisão atualizada (mini revisão) envolvendo as aplicações atuais de tecnologias de alto rendimento no câncer de ovário, o papel dos polifenóis dietéticos e seus efeitos mecanicistas no câncer de ovário, e o status atual e os desafios da nutrição de precisão.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clíníca; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Duarte et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Natal<break/> (RN)</td>
                                <td>Revisão narrativa de estudos publicados no PubMed Science Direct investiga se os testes nutrigenéticos podem ajudar a prevenir ou tratar a obesidade.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clíníca; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Em síntese, nas duas últimas décadas, a <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic> transita, no contexto mundial e no Brasil, como um dos novos <italic>paradigmas científicos</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] voltados à elucidação da complexa e multicausal determinação dos problemas nutricionais. Sobretudo, este novo campo de atuação do nutricionista circula como um novo paradigma nutricional, voltado à elaboração de planos de terapia nutricional e de aconselhamento dietético mais precisos e eficazes. As limitações e potencialidades desta especialidade em Nutrição têm sido evidenciadas pela literatura científica no contexto internacional [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>] e no Brasil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>]. De fato, considerando-se a teoria de construção e desconstrução de paradigmas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>], a teoria de constituição e consolidação de campos científicos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>] e a teoria de fabricação das verdades científicas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], a breve e não exaustiva revisão de literatura sobre a Nutrição de Precisão no Brasil, evidencia que este é um terreno muito fértil, embora seco e pantanoso, para a atuação dos nutricionistas. A quase total invisibilidade de relatos sobre a atuação do nutricionista na especialidade <italic>Nutrição de Precisão</italic>, suscita a recomendação de que as possíveis experiências realizadas, neste emergente e promissor campo de atuação profissional, sejam submetidas à publicação em periódicos indexados em bases científicas de circulação internacional e nacional.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>O uso de tecnologias digitais pelo nutricionista: da nutrição humana à “neonutrição” ou “nutrição das coisas”</title>
                <p>Conforme já mencionamos nas seções anteriores deste artigo, no contexto mundial e no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, tem sido observado um crescente avanço do uso das inovações tecnológicas, incluindo os dispositivos de IA, nas distintas áreas de atuação do nutricionista [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. De fato, nas últimas décadas, observa-se uma possível “desconstrução” de <italic>velhos paradigmas</italic> (os <italic>paradigmas tradicionais</italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] e um processo incipiente de construção de <italic>novos paradigmas</italic> que orientam os procedimentos de diagnóstico e intervenção dos problemas nutricionais. Este processo de construção dos novos paradigmas parece estar centrado, exclusivamente, na adoção dos fundamentos dos avanços tecnológicos. De forma rara, observam-se argumentos de base epistemológica, filosófica, holística ou crítica dos pesquisadores para adesão aos novos paradigmas da ciência e da prática profissional [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]. No Brasil, a Nutrição em suas dimensões de <italic>campo científico</italic> (Ciência) e <italic>campo profissional</italic> (Profissão) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], ao longo da trajetória histórica de 85 anos, tem acompanhado as transformações econômicas, sociais, políticas e culturais sofridas pela sociedade brasileira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Nesta trajetória os procedimentos de diagnóstico e intervenção nutricional que ao longo de décadas caracterizaram-se pelo uso de tecnologias analógicas vêm sendo crescentemente substituídos pelas novas tecnologias digitais, incluindo a IA. Neste sentido, busca-se explicar o neologismo e a analogia do subtítulo da presente seção: Da Nutrição Humana à “Neonutrição” ou “Nutrição das coisas”.</p>
                <p>O conceito de IA tem sido relacionado à utilização de computadores que realizam procedimentos cognitivos, em geral, atribuídos à mente humana, particularmente associados à aprendizagem e resolução de problemas, envolvendo um amplo e complexo conjunto de dados ou informações. Portanto, a definição de IA, conforme literatura examinada, pressupõe o uso simultâneo de distintas tecnologias digitais, tais como: (a) o aprendizado de máquina – AM (“machine learnin” - ML); (b) o aprendizado profundo – AP (“deep learning” - DL); (c) a mineração de dados – MA (“data mining” - DM); e (d) as redes neurais – RN (“neural networks” - NT) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>].</p>
                <p>Por sua vez, na trajetória de evolução das tecnologias digitais, por volta de 1999, conforme relatam Lacerda &amp; Lima-Marques [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>], foi criado e difundido o conceito de <italic>Internet das Coisas</italic> (<italic>Internet of Things</italic>, IoT), atribuído ao britânico, Kevin Ashton. Explica-se, assim, a analogia expressa no subtítulo da seção – “Nutrição das coisas”. Em linhas gerais, o termo IoT trata de uma rede de objetos físicos interconectados, integrados por via de softwares, sensores e tecnologias, que trocam dados entre si. Objetos físicos (ou coisas) de uso cotidiano que se transformam numa infinidade de dispositivos ou tecnologias digitais, tais como, relógios, telefones celulares, computadores, brinquedos, geladeiras, televisores, casas, automóveis, entre outros [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>].</p>
                <p>De acordo com a revisão narrativa realizada por Miyazawa et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>], a aplicação do conceito de IA no campo da Nutrição teve sua consolidação no final da década de 2010. Relevantes estudos de revisão da literatura têm procurado mapear o histórico da IA no campo da Nutrição, buscando identificar os distintos campos de aplicação, bem como analisar suas potencialidades e limitações [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. Como ilustração, dois exemplos destas revisões serão sumarizados. O estudo de Limketkai et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], que consistiu em revisão da literatura buscando descrever a utilização de dispositivos digitais, tais como: (a) aplicativos móveis com recursos para gerenciamento de perda de peso corporal; temporizador de jejum; rastreador de alimentos pelos códigos de barra; monitor de calorias, nutrientes e gasto energético, entre outros; (b) dispositivos vestíveis (acessórios e vestimentas), tais como “Smartwatches” (relógios inteligentes) para avaliação nutricional e dispositivos para avaliação dietética com capacidade de monitorar consumo de alimentos, sintomas, movimentos intestinais, exercícios, estresse e sono, usados no apoio da determinação de padrões e escolha de alimentos para composição da dieta; e (c) dispositivos digitais que passaram a ser usados pelas equipes de apoio nutricional nas consultas ou atendimentos virtuais, remotos ou não presenciais, realizadas por meio de vídeos, celulares, computadores e telefones – a chamada telessaúde ou, no caso, <italic>telenutrição</italic>, procedimento normatizado no Brasil pelo CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]. Limketkai et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] concluíram que tais dispositivos de IA têm contribuído para a melhoria da qualidade e segurança dos cuidados nutricionais. Por outro lado, tais autores atestam o estágio inicial de desenvolvimento da IA no campo da <italic>Nutrição Clínica</italic>, acenando para um futuro promissor deste campo, que transformou em realidade o uso de tecnologias digitais que, há poucos anos, consistiam em dispositivos da ficção científica. De fato, conforme resultados de busca exploratória apresentados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Quadro 2</xref>, foram localizados 12 estudos para a estratégia <italic>nutricionistas</italic> AND <italic>inteligência artificial</italic> nos 12 países do G7 e BRICS investigados, sendo nos EUA, Reino Unido, China e África do Sul (<italic>n</italic>=2 em cada); na Alemanha, Itália, Canadá e Brasil (<italic>n</italic>=1 em cada) e nos demais (Japão, França, Rússia e Índia) não foram localizados estudos.</p>
                <p>Revisão sistemática da literatura, publicada em 2024, foi realizada por Theodore Armand et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] com o objetivo de investigar o cenário atual da IA na Nutrição, buscar uma compreensão profunda das potencialidades do aprendizado de máquina (ML) e aprendizado profundo (DL) e destacar os eventuais desafios e direções futuras. Do total de 1.498 artigos relacionados à aplicação de IA em Nutrição, foram incluídos 31 estudos na revisão. Os 31 artigos foram analisados de acordo com as modalidades de uso de IA em cinco clusters temáticos: Nutrição inteligente e personalizada (<italic>n</italic>=10, 32,3%), Modelagem preditiva para doenças (<italic>n</italic>=8, 25,8%), Avaliação dietética (<italic>n</italic>=6, 19,4%), Reconhecimento e rastreamento de alimentos (<italic>n</italic>=4, 12,9%) e Diagnóstico e monitoramento de doenças (<italic>n</italic>=3, 9%). Os autores apontam, em outras conclusões, que com o rápido avanço da IA, a sua integração na Nutrição é uma promessa significativa para melhorar os resultados nutricionais individuais e otimizar as recomendações dietéticas.</p>
                <p>No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Quadro 3</xref> encontra-se a lista de 20 artigos selecionados para construção da presente seção, de acordo com autoria/ano de publicação, objetivos e palavras-chave. Destes, quatro são estudos de revisão de literatura [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], 12 são os artigos empíricos selecionados na busca para os países do G7 e dos BRICS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] e quatro são artigos empíricos de pesquisadores brasileiros tomados como exemplos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>]. Observa-se que os 12 estudos empíricos relativos ao G7 e BRICS tratam de relatos de uso de diversas experiências, envolvendo tecnológicas digitais (incluindo a IA) na prática profissional de nutricionistas, voltadas para temáticas como doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (obesidade, diabetes mellitus, cardiovasculares), alimentação saudável, qualidade da dieta, escolhas alimentares, entre outras. Embora tais estudos tenham sido identificados com maior aderência às áreas de <italic>Nutrição Clínica e Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão</italic>, considera-se que tais inovações tecnológicas constituem um campo de conhecimento instrumental para todas as áreas de atuação do nutricionista.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t08">
                    <label>Quadro 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Lista dos artigos selecionados na busca realizada sobre nutricionista e tecnologias digitais, incluindo o uso da inteligência artificial, em 5 maio de 2023, segundo autor/ano, país/local, objetivo e potenciais áreas de aplicação.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="left">
                                <th>Autor / ano</th>
                                <th align="center">País/Local</th>
                                <th align="center">Objetivo</th>
                                <th align="center">Áreas de atuação (Aplicação)</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Miyazawa et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">Japão,<break/> Aoba-ku,<break/>Sendai</td>
                                <td>Esta revisão tem como objetivo resumir os avanços tecnológicos, descrevendo sistematicamente o seguinte: o uso da IA em outras áreas (por exemplo, Engenharia, Farmácia e Medicina); a história da IA em relação à Ciência de Alimentação e Nutrição; as tecnologias de IA atualmente utilizadas nas indústrias agrícola e alimentícia; e algumas das importantes aplicações da IA em áreas como alimentos que fortalecem a imunidade, avaliação dietética, análise do perfil do microbioma intestinal e previsão da toxicidade de ingredientes alimentares.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Côté &amp; Lamarche<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                <td align="center">Canadá,<break/> Quebec</td>
                                <td>Nesta revisão, fornecemos uma visão geral das principais e mais recentes aplicações da IA na pesquisa em Nutrição e identificamos lacunas a serem abordadas para potencializar esse campo emergente. Algoritmos de IA podem ajudar a compreender e prever melhor as interações complexas e não lineares entre dados relacionados à Nutrição e resultados de saúde, particularmente quando grandes quantidades de dados precisam ser estruturadas e integradas, como na metabolômica. Abordagens baseadas em IA, incluindo reconhecimento de imagem, também podem aprimorar a avaliação alimentar, maximizando a eficiência e abordando erros sistemáticos e aleatórios associados a medições autorrelatadas da ingestão alimentar.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Limketkai et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                <td align="center">EUA,<break/> Los Angeles</td>
                                <td>Esta revisão discute a implementação de tecnologias digitais para a Nutrição, desde o uso de aplicativos móveis e tecnologias vestíveis até o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de apoio à decisão para a Nutrição parenteral e o uso da telessaúde para avaliação remota de Nutrição.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Theodore Armand et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                <td align="center">Corea do Sul<break/> Gimhae</td>
                                <td>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar de forma abrangente o panorama atual da IA em Nutrição, proporcionando uma compreensão profunda do potencial da IA, aprendizado de máquina (ML) e aprendizado profundo (DL) nas ciências da Nutrição, destacando eventuais desafios e direções futuras. Uma abordagem híbrida, baseada nas diretrizes de revisão sistemática da literatura e nas diretrizes de itens de relato preferenciais para revisões sistemáticas e metanálises (PRISMA), foi adotada para analisar sistematicamente a literatura científica a partir de uma busca nas principais bases de dados sobre inteligência artificial em ciências da Nutrição.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Burgermaster et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                <td align="center">USA, Austin, Texas</td>
                                <td>Examinar a aplicabilidade da abordagem do sistema de sugestões para fornecer suporte à decisão baseado em dados no contexto da personalização de recomendações nutricionais para indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) usando PGHD (patient-generated health data - Dados de saúde gerados pelo paciente).</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Murakami et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                <td align="center">Japão, Tokyo</td>
                                <td>Descrever o processo de desenvolvimento e o teste piloto entre nutricionistas do nosso sistema de NP (Nutrição personalizada) baseado na web para ajudar a melhorar a qualidade da dieta geral da população adulta em geral.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Elfert et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">Alemanha, Oldenburg</td>
                                <td>Foi desenvolvido um diário nutricional digital especialmente adaptado às necessidades de pacientes geriátricos (&gt;=70 anos), permitindo que eles próprios registrem seu comportamento de consumo.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Chung et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                <td align="center">Reino Unido, Guildford</td>
                                <td>Este subestudo testou se o aprendizado de máquina poderia prever a necessidade de consultar um nutricionista usando 5 ou 10 medidas.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Schäfer et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">França, Palaiseau</td>
                                <td>Avaliar atitudes e expectativas em relação a dados de saúde digitais gerados por pacientes e aplicativos móveis de rastreamento de alimentos e entender se suas escolhas estão associadas a faixas etárias.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Gnagnarella et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                <td align="center">Itália, Palermo</td>
                                <td>Desenvolvemos a primeira pesquisa para investigar as mudanças nas práticas de Nutricionista Dietista Registrado (NDR) relacionadas à telenutrição após o início da pandemia por meio de uma pesquisa online na Itália.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Davis &amp; MacKay<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                <td align="center">Canadá, Victoria, British Columbia</td>
                                <td>Confirmar um modelo funcional de um sistema integrado de tomada de decisão compartilhada e registro de saúde pessoal (e-PHR) por jovens adultos com DM1 (diabetes mellitus tipo 1) e prestadores de cuidados.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Rodrigues et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Belo Horizonte (MG)</td>
                                <td>Desenvolver um método baseado em aprendizado de máquina para identificar e classificar automaticamente vídeos de anúncios de alimentos e não alimentos.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Popova et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Rússia, Saint Petersburg</td>
                                <td>Esclarecer o efeito do uso do DiaCompanion I nos níveis glicêmicos e nos resultados da gravidez em mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG).</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Erande et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Índia, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra</td>
                                <td>Desenvolver uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo móvel para um coração saudável para estratificação e gerenciamento de risco de doença cardiovascular (DCV) entre pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foi finalizada após consulta com diabetologistas, nutricionistas e cientistas.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Sun et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">China, Beijing</td>
                                <td>O potencial de um programa de Nutrição com IA para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) foi avaliado por meio de um processo de várias etapas. Por fim, foi desenvolvido um aplicativo de fácil utilização, integrando os recursos de modelos de reconhecimento de linguagem e imagem para potencialmente aprimorar o atendimento a pacientes com DM2.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Greyvensteyn et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">África do Sul, Bloemfontein</td>
                                <td>Investigar as percepções de nutricionistas registrados e clínicos gerais na África do Sul sobre nutrigenômica. Um questionário eletrônico autoadministrado utilizando o software EvaSys® foi preenchido por aqueles que concordaram em participar.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Moraes &amp; Pereira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>] / 2010</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Santa Maria (RS)</td>
                                <td>Desenvolver um Sistema Especialista (SISNUTRI) para avaliar os riscos nutricionais em crianças e adolescentes, bem como o uso de técnicas de Anamnese Alimentar, para auxiliar na aprendizagem dos alunos do curso de Nutrição.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica; Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Caivano et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>] / 2014</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil,<break/> Santos<break/>(SP)</td>
                                <td>Avaliar a percepção dos usuários em relação à usabilidade do Guia Alimentar Digital (GAD), aplicativo para celular smartphone, com diretrizes sobre alimentação saudável.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição Clínica, Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva, Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva, Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Moreira et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>] / 2017</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, Belo Horizonte<break/> (MG)</td>
                                <td>Apresentar e avaliar um software que utiliza técnicas de Inteligência Artificial (CARDNUTRI) para elaborar, automaticamente e de forma rápida, cardápios nutricionais semanais para a Alimentação Escolar, atendendo às necessidades nutricionais diárias dos alunos e, simultaneamente, minimizando o custo total do cardápio.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                <td>Coelho et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                <td align="center">Brasil, São Paulo (SP)</td>
                                <td>Desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional (NutriPersona) para representar a expertise do nutricionista na elaboração de cardápios personalizados utilizando o banco de dados de avaliação da ingestão de nutrientes da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos.</td>
                                <td>Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva; Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva; Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão; Nutrição em Esportes e Exercício Físico, entre outras.</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>No Brasil, na busca de literatura nas bases SciELO, PubMed® e Google Scholar, entretanto, verificou-se que ainda são escassos os estudos publicados por pesquisadores brasileiros, relatando suas experiências neste campo. Os estudos relatados denotam, por si, os impactos que a “<italic>internet das coisas</italic>” tem provocado na prática do nutricionista brasileiro. Observa-se que os primeiros registros sobre aplicação de tecnologias digitais, incluindo dispositivos de IA, começaram a surgir nos primeiros anos 2000. Entretanto, só a partir de 2010 começaram as publicações em periódicos científicos. A título de exemplificação, selecionamos cinco destes estudos que abordam o uso destas inovações tecnológicas por nutricionistas. O primeiro é o estudo publicado, em 2010, por Moraes &amp; Pereira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>], que utilizando procedimentos de IA propuseram o desenvolvimento da ferramenta chamada “SISNUTRI”, sistema especialista para avaliar os riscos nutricionais em crianças e adolescentes, usando dados antropométricos e de anamnese alimentar com o objetivo de auxiliar a aprendizagem da disciplina de avaliação nutricional de alunos do curso de Nutrição. O segundo, publicado em 2014, é o estudo realizado por Caivano et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>], cujo objetivo foi avaliar a percepção dos usuários em relação à usabilidade do Guia Alimentar Digital (GAD), aplicativo para celular smartphone, com diretrizes sobre alimentação saudável. O terceiro, publicado em 2017, é a ferramenta “CardNutri”, um software que usa técnicas de IA para planejamento automatizado de cardápios semanais para a alimentação escolar, com base nas normativas estabelecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>]. O quarto, publicado em 2023, é o estudo metodológico realizado por Rodrigues et al. (23), o qual utilizando dispositivos de IA, teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo de algoritmo que priorizasse a precisão e a eficiência no monitoramento e classificação automatizada de vídeos publicitários de alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis, divulgados em anúncios da televisão brasileira. Por último, o quinto, publicado em 2023, é o “<italic>NutriPersona</italic>” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>], uma ferramenta web computacional, usando IA, para elaboração automática de cardápios personalizados, a partir de um banco de dados de composição de alimentos brasileiros, considerando recomendações nutricionais e preferências alimentares de adultos saudáveis.</p>
                <p>Enfim, nas duas últimas décadas, de forma simultânea aos paradigmas dominantes, centrados nas inovações tecnológicas (<italic>Nutrição de Precisão, Nutrigenômica, “Nutrição das Coisas”</italic> etc.) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>], outros paradigmas concorrentes, tais como os paradigmas da sustentabilidade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>] ganharam destaque no campo da Nutrição. A partir de 2015, com a divulgação pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) da Agenda 2030 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], composta pelos 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), observam-se distintas publicações, que, simultaneamente, têm buscado refletir e propor metas e perspectivas para o futuro da Nutrição, dentro de suas três dimensões: ciência, política social e profissão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>]. Ressalta-se que, desde o final do século XX, já se evidenciava a circulação do paradigma da transição nutricional, cuja premissa central pautava-se na busca de explicações e estratégias para a resolução do complexo e paradoxal cenário epidemiológico nutricional, caracterizado pela convivência simultânea de doenças nutricionais associadas às situações de pobreza e de fome da população (tais como, desnutrição calórico-proteica, anemia ferropriva, bócio endêmico e hipovitaminoses) e doenças nutricionais associadas à modernidade e ao excesso e/ou desequilíbrio do consumo e da biodisponibilidade/utilização de calorias e nutrientes (tais como, obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemias, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, certos tipos de câncer e transtornos alimentares) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>]. Em 2019, com a publicação do relatório da Comissão Lancet sobre Saúde e Mudanças Climáticas, acrescentou-se o paradigma da <italic>sindemia global da obesidade, desnutrição e mudanças climáticas</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>]. Com o advento da pandemia de COVID-19 e seus impactos sociais, econômicos e nutricionais, sobretudo, em relação à expansão mundial dos índices de pobreza e fome, novos desafios e perspectivas passaram a circular no campo da Nutrição [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. O Relatório de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2023 da ONU [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>] traz um alerta sobre o fraco e insuficiente desempenho de todos os ODS estabelecidos na Agenda 2030 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], particularmente aqueles relacionados à erradicação da miséria e da fome e ao combate às alterações climáticas, os quais agravaram-se ao longo da pandemia de COVID-19. Já o relatório da Organização para a Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), intitulado <italic>O Estado da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Mundo 2023</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>] aponta que se não forem redobrados e mais bem direcionados os esforços, o ODS de acabar com a fome, a insegurança alimentar e a desnutrição em todas as suas formas até 2030 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], permanecerá fora do alcance. Este relatório da FAO relata que, em 2022, entre 690 e 783 milhões de pessoas no mundo enfrentaram a fome, o que correspondia a 122 milhões de pessoas a mais do que antes da pandemia de COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. Em detrimento deste cenário relatado, em seu subtítulo, o relatório da FAO do ano 2021, com dados de 2020, apresentou uma mensagem bem esperançosa para as ações globais futuras, qual seja <italic>transformar os sistemas alimentares para garantir segurança alimentar, melhor nutrição e dietas saudáveis para todos</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>]. Mensagem que traz em seu enunciado conceitos, premissas e pressupostos do paradigma da sustentabilidade, da soberania e segurança alimentar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>], um paradigma concorrente, quiçá, o paradigma de uma nova Nutrição (<italic>NeoNutrição</italic>), a <italic>Ec</italic>No-Break<italic>oNutriçãoNo-Break</italic>.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
            <p>Em relação às áreas de atuação e às especialidades do nutricionista no Brasil, conclui-se que: (a) ao reconhecer 34 especialidades em Nutrição, tradicionais e novos campos de atuação do nutricionista brasileiro, o CFN parece procurar estabelecer um diálogo direto e atualizado com os avanços científicos e tecnológicos da Ciência da Nutrição, dentro do seu contexto mundial; (b) a ampliação das áreas de atuação profissional e das especialidades em Nutrição alinha-se às exigências contextuais definidas pela expansão do número de profissionais pelo mercado de trabalho, bem como pela busca de identificação com outras profissões do setor saúde; (c) no conjunto das 34 especialidades, a grande maioria está vinculada às três tradicionais áreas de atuação do nutricionista brasileiro: Nutrição Clínica, Nutrição em Alimentação Coletiva e Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva. Estas três áreas de atuação e suas respectivas especialidades, especialmente a Nutrição Clínica, mantém sua estreita identificação com paradigmas tradicionais do campo biomédico, incorporando os novos paradigmas dominantes, oriundos dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos (<italic>Nutrição de Precisão, Nutrigenômica e Nutrição das Coisas</italic>); (d) entretanto, nas novas especialidades reconhecidas pelo CFN, observa-se um percentual, em torno de 25% (<italic>Nutrição em Saúde Indígena, Nutrição em Saúde de Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais, Nutrição em Vegetarianismo, Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional</italic>, entre outras), que potencialmente vinculam-se aos paradigmas concorrentes, tradicionalmente identificados ao campo das Ciências Humanas e Sociais.</p>
            <p>Em relação à revisão da literatura sobre a Nutrição de Precisão como especialidade do nutricionista no Brasil, conclui-se que: (a) a análise dos 14 artigos selecionados denota que, tanto no contexto mundial como no Brasil, a Nutrição de Precisão surge como um dos novos paradigmas científicos voltados à elucidação da complexa e multicausal determinação dos problemas nutricionais, sendo aplicada em distintos campos que utilizam as tecnologias ômicas, no desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais e na prática clínica voltada à terapia e aconselhamento nutricional de amplo conjunto de doenças, distúrbios e condições de saúde, tais como obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, hipertensão arterial, câncer, síndrome metabólica, transtornos alimentares etc.; e (b) embora identifique-se como uma das especialidades da área de atuação <italic>Nutrição Clínica</italic>, seus princípios e procedimentos epistemológicos e metodológicos aplicam-se às demais áreas de atuação profissional do nutricionista.</p>
            <p>Em relação à revisão da literatura sobre o uso de tecnologias digitais pelo nutricionista, incluindo dispositivos de IA, conclui-se que: (a) a análise dos 20 estudos incluídos, relativos aos países do G7 e BRICS, bem como daqueles produzidos por pesquisadores brasileiros, apontou que tratam-se de relatos de uso de diversas experiências, envolvendo tecnológicas digitais (incluindo a IA) na prática profissional de nutricionistas, voltadas para temáticas como doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (obesidade, diabetes mellitus, cardiovasculares), alimentação saudável, qualidade da dieta, escolhas alimentares, entre outras; (b) embora tais estudos tenham sido identificados com maior aderência às áreas de Nutrição Clínica e Nutrição no Ensino, na Pesquisa e na Extensão, considera-se que tais inovações tecnológicas constituem um campo de conhecimento instrumental para todas as áreas de atuação do nutricionista.</p>
            <p>Por fim, a revisão de literatura realizada releva que, no Brasil, ainda são escassos os estudos sobre a atuação do nutricionista na especialidade Nutrição de Precisão e, sobretudo, aqueles sobre a aplicação de tecnologias digitais, incluindo dispositivos de IA. Portanto, aponta que, embora promissores, são campos de conhecimentos e atuação profissional ainda incipientes.</p>
            <p>Em síntese, nossa expectativa é que este crescente quantitativo de nutricionistas brasileiros, que se distribuem nos 34 tradicionais e novos campos de atuação, compartilhando ou não dos mesmos paradigmas, tenham como princípio de suas práticas, a construção de uma sociedade brasileira, onde as relações entre homens-natureza-alimentos, sejam voltadas para a garantia de todos ao direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável, bem como à sustentabilidade ecológica do planeta.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p>
                    <bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Vasconcelos FAG. Novos campos de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil: a emergência das inovações tecnológicas digitais, incluindo o uso da inteligência artificial. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240088. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088pt</ext-link>
                </p>
            </fn>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIER | 85 years of professional nutritionist pratice in Brazil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>New nutritionists’ fields of activity in Brazil: the emergence of digital technological innovations, including artificial intelligence</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6162-8067</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
                        <given-names>Francisco de Assis Guedes de</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. E-mail: f.vasconcelos@ufsc.br.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c02">E-mail: <email>f.vasconcelos@ufsc.br</email>.</corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Vânia Aparecida Leandro Merhi</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The author declare that there are no conflicts of interest.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>To reflect on new nutritionists’ practice fields in Brazil, focusing on the application of digital technological innovations, including artificial intelligence.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Methods</title>
                    <p>Literature and documentary review of resolutions and statistics regarding the number of nutritionists in this country based on the Federal Nutrition Council data.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>Among the 34 specialties in Nutrition acknowledged by the Federal Nutrition Council, Precision Nutrition stands out, both in Brazil and in other countries, as a new scientific paradigm aimed at elucidating the complex and multicausal nutritional issue. The literature review showed that both Precision Nutrition and digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, have been applied in the nutritionists’ professional practice in different fields of knowledge and practice, such as: development of functional foods; development of instruments and equipment used in the diagnosis and treatment of nutritional problems and in nutritional therapy and counseling for a wide range of diseases, disorders and health conditions (obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, malignancies, eating disorders, etc.).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>The expansion of the activity areas and specialties in Nutrition seems to be in line with the demands defined by: expansion of the number of professionals, the job market, search for identification with other professions in the health sector; and technological scientific innovations, in the global context. The work of Brazilian nutritionists specializing in Precision Nutrition and in the application of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, shows that these new and promising fields are still quite incipiently explored.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Areas of expertise</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutrigenomics</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutritionists</kwd>
                <kwd>Precision nutrition</kwd>
                <kwd>Specialization</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <sec sec-type="intro">
                <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
                <p>In recent decades, with the intensive development of communication and information technology, genetics and theories on the ecological sustainability of the planet, important paradigmatic changes have occurred in the field of Nutrition both in Brazil and in other countries. Among the <italic>new scientific paradigms</italic> (from the philosophical perspective of Thomas Khun) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] that began to involve Nutrition science (from Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological perspective) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>], the paradigms considered dominant or hegemonic stand out (<italic>hegemony</italic> from Antonio Gramsci’s political perspective) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>], which are centered on technological and genetic innovations (Precision Nutrition, Nutrigenomics, Nutrigenetics) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] and the so-called alternative or competing paradigms, such as the paradigm of sustainability, sovereignty and food security [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Thus, evidence found in the scientific literature indicates the occurrence of an internationalization process of these new scientific paradigms in the field of Nutrition; this trend occurred both in the group of the most economically developed countries (G7) – the United States of America [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>], Japan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>], Germany [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>], United Kingdom [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>], France [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>], Italy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] and Canada [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>], as well as in part of the group of the largest emerging economies (BRICS), such as Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>], Russia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>], India [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], China [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] and South Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>].</p>
                <p>Therefore, the current scenario of the nutritionists’ work, both in Brazil and in other countries, taking into account the studies reviewed that originated from the G7 and BRICS countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>], reveals that, in recent decades, the analog procedures of diagnosis, counseling and nutritional therapy that characterized the professional practice throughout its history [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>] have increasingly been replaced by new digital technologies, including the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>].</p>
                <p>In Brazil, advances in Nutrition science have led to the emergence of new areas for nutritionists to work in. Based on the changes that occurred in these fields of activity, the <italic>Conselho Federal de Nutrição</italic> (CFN, Federal Nutrition Council), the current name for this entity, has sought to update the set of regulations that guide, regulate and monitor the practice of the nutrition professional in this country. Among such regulations the following stand out: (i) CFN Resolution No. 600/2018, which defines the nutritionists’ areas of activity and their attributions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]; (ii) CFN Resolution No. 679/2021, which regulates the integrative and complementary nutritionists’ health practices (ICHP) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]; (iii) Resolution No. 680/2021, which regulates the nutritionists’ Phytotherapy practice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]; (iv) CFN resolution No. 689/2021, which regulates the recognition of specialties in Nutrition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]; (v) CFN resolution No. 705/2021, which establishes the nutritionists’ code of ethical-disciplinary processing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]; (vi) CFN resolution No. 731/2022, which provides guidelines for nutritionists’ prescription of food supplements [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]; and (vii) CFN Resolution No. 760/2023, which defines and regulates telenutrition as a form of care and/or provision of services [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]. It is worth noting that the resolution that regulates telenutrition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>] emerged as a standardization of a practice that was disseminated, in the global context and in Brazil, due to the physical distancing measures adopted during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>]. Among the considerations of the CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], the need to adapt to Law No. 14,510/2022 stands out; this federal law allows and regulates the practice of telenutrition for the health professionals in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>].</p>
                <p>In summary, the set of regulations established by the CFN between the years 2018 and 2023 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], all of them in connection with the specific areas of activity, specialties and ethical, technical-scientific and methodological aspects of the nutritionists’ professional practice, seems to be a trend to update or adapt CFN to the complex and multidimensional epidemiological and nutritional profile of the Brazilian population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. It also targets the nutritionist’s profile when entering professional activities and the job market in this country [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. On the other hand, it seems to express, in a much clearer way, a trend to approach the new paradigms of the science and the profession globalization process, particularly those paradigms focusing the use of digital technologies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>].</p>
                <p>In the last five years, studies carried out by nutritionists in Brazil on areas of activity, specialties and the use of digital technologies, including AI, have been scarce or non-existent, justifying the relevance, timeliness and pertinence of this paper.</p>
                <p>Our objective is to cause a reflection on the nutritionists’ new fields of activity in Brazil, with emphasis on the application of digital technological innovations, including AI.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>METHODS</title>
                <p>The study used two separate methodological procedures: 1) CFN resolutions documentary and statistics review of the areas of activity, specialties and ethical, technical-scientific and methodological aspects of the nutritionists’ professional practice in Brazil; and 2) Exploratory bibliographic review of Precision Nutrition and the use of digital technologies, including AI, in the G7 and BRICS countries.</p>
                <p>The article is structured in three sections. The first section reports the results of the documentary review, whose objective was to outline a descriptive profile, overview or contextualization of the areas of the nutritionists’ practice in Brazil, based on the analysis of CFN regulations and data. A descriptive analysis of CFN Resolution No. 600/2018 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>] was carried out, complemented by a statistical table of all nutritionists [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], presentation of a brief excerpt from the survey of nutritionists initiating professional activities and entering the job market in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. In addition we sought to describe and reflect on CFN resolution no. 689/2021 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], which defines the specialties in Nutrition. The second section reports the results of the literature review on Precision Nutrition which is considered a nutritionist specialty in Brazil. Finally, in the third section we report the use of digital technologies, including AI devices, in the different areas of the nutritionists’ practice, in Brazil and in global context.</p>
                <p>The bibliographic survey was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Google Scholar, using specific search strategies for each database, according to each subject investigated.</p>
                <p>In the search for articles on the topics of <italic>Precision Nutrition and the use of digital technologies</italic>, including AI, in the context of the G7 and BRICS countries, the search was carried out exclusively in the PubMed database. In this database, the search was carried out separately for each of these two subjects, using advanced strategies with associated keywords: <italic>nutritionists</italic> AND <italic>personalized nutrition;</italic> and <italic>nutritionists</italic> AND <italic>artificial intelligence</italic> AND the name of the country in English, without a publication date filter, in an attempt to identify the year in which publications on the topic were first issued (first article).</p>
                <p>To capture articles published by Brazilian researchers, searches were conducted for specific topics in each of the three databases investigated. For example, in the PubMed® database, for the topic <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic>, an advanced search strategy was used with the keyword <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> associated (AND) with the keyword Brazil and filters for the publication date of the articles. In the SciELO database, the advanced search strategy was used with the keyword <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> associated with the keyword Brazil without the use of filters. It is worth noting that analogous strategies were used to search for the keywords <italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic> and <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic>, considered as equivalent terms or synonyms of <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> by the literature in this area of knowledge. Search strategies were similarly conducted for the topic Use of digital technologies including AI.</p>
                <p>The process of selecting and, if the case be, excluding the studies of both themes reviewed was based on reading the titles, keywords and abstracts of the articles retrieved. The search was not exhaustive, nor did we analyze the methodological quality and results of the studies. For each theme investigated, we only sought to identify the quantitative existence and the year of publication, and to select some examples of articles published, preferably in the last five years. Therefore, in the review of the theme <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic>, 14 studies were intentionally included of which ten were literature review papers and four were original articles. In turn, in the review of the theme Use of digital technologies, including AI, 20 articles were included, of which 12 were original articles each one issued in one of the G7 and BRICS countries (South Africa, Germany, Brazil, Canada, China, United States of America, France, India, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and Russia), four were literature review articles and four were original articles issued by Brazilian researchers.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Nutritionists’ areas of activity and specialities in Brazil</title>
                    <p>According to the CFN Resolution No. 600/2018, six major areas of activity for nutritionists are acknowledged in Brazil: 1) Nutrition in Collective Feeding; 2) Clinical Nutrition; 3) Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises; 4) Public Health Nutrition; 5) Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Industry and in the Food Trade; and 6) Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Considering the year 2018, the recognition by the CFN of these six major areas of nutritionist practice appears to have been based both on scientific evidence about the complex and multidimensional epidemiological and nutritional profile of the Brazilian population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], and on the research regarding the boundaries of the professional insertion area and job market of nutritionists in this country, carried out in 2016-2017 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. In fact, it seems to us that one of the innovative aspects of this regulation, in relation to previous ones, was the attempt to resignify the terminologies used to define these six major areas of practice. In other words, the terminologies of the six areas begin with the broadest term that characterizes the scientific or professional field (Nutrition) followed by the terms that designate the specific area or subfield of practice (or knowledge). Another important change in relation to the previous regulation (CFN Resolution No. 380/2005) was the reduction from seven to six areas of activity, excluding the area “Marketing in the area of Food and Nutrition” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. This configuration in six major areas seeks to remain aligned with the historical aspects of the 85 years of nutritionist activity in Brazil, portrayed in previous studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]; it also seeks to incorporate aspects related to advances in scientific and technological knowledge in the field of Nutrition within the global framework [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. It is worth noting that, except for the specificities of terminology, this configuration also maintains similarities with the configurations adopted in other countries, such as those that are part of the “International Confederation of Dietetic Associations” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. As described by Shen et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>], the International Confederation of Dietetic Associations is an entity created in 1952, bringing together Nutrition and Dietetics associations from countries in Europe, North America, Asia, Africa and Latin America [including Brazil, represented by the <italic>Associação Brasileira de Nutrição</italic> (ASBRAN, Brazilian Nutrition Association)], with the aim of establishing international standards for the training and practice of nutritionists. In other words, the study by Shen et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>] seeks to report the experience of implementing, in 2017, the registration system for nutritionists (dietitians, as they were called) in China, comparing it with the standards that regulate the profession in other countries, such as the United States of America, Japan and the United Kingdom.</p>
                    <p>Throughout the 85-year history of nutritionists in Brazil, particularly in the last two decades, there has been a growing number of professionals and, simultaneously, an expansion of areas and subareas of activity, as reported in previous studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. According to the CFN statistics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], as of March 31, 2024, there was a universe of 214,293 nutritionists in Brazil, with the ten largest concentrations registered in the states of São Paulo (<italic>n</italic>=52,123; 24.3%), Rio de Janeiro (<italic>n</italic>=25,911; 12.1%), Minas Gerais (<italic>n</italic>=18,565; 8.7%), Bahia (<italic>n</italic>=12,779; 6.0%); Rio Grande do Sul (<italic>n</italic>=11,633; 5.4%), Paraná (<italic>n</italic>=11,132; 5.2%), Pernambuco (<italic>n</italic>=9,361; 4.4%), Santa Catarina (<italic>n</italic>=8,562; 4.0%), Ceará (<italic>n</italic>=7,537; 3.5%) and Federal District (<italic>n</italic>=6,318; 2.9%).</p>
                    <p>How is this total of 214,293 nutritionists distributed across the six major areas of activity? In the absence of information for the year 2024, the data of the research carried out in 2016-2017 were taken as a parameter, based on a random and stratified sample of 1,104 nutritionists working in the different CRNs; an estimated 95% confidence level and an error margin of 3 percentage points were set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> shows the results of the CFN survey [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>] regarding Brazilian nutritionists rate of distribution by areas of activity. The following frequency set in decreasing order, was observed: Nutrition in Collective Feeding (30.8%), Clinical Nutrition (30.4%), Public Health Nutrition (17.7%), Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension (Teaching) (11.4), Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Food Industry and Trade (2.6%) and Sports Nutrition (2.5%). The survey revealed that the two most traditional areas of activity of the Brazilian nutritionist (Nutrition in Collective Feeding and Clinical Nutrition) concentrated 61.2% of the universe of nutrition professionals. Comparing to the data from previous surveys, it was observed that between 2005 and 2017, there were significant increases in the rate of nutritionists active in the areas of Public Health Nutrition and Nutrition in Education, Research and Extension (Teaching), which can be explained by the relevant increase in social policies in the fields of Nutrition and Health, as well as by the growing expansion in the number of undergraduate courses in Nutrition which were opened during that period [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>].</p>
                    <fig id="f02">
                        <label>Figure 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Rate of Brazilian nutritionists by areas of professional activity, according to data from the <italic>Conselho Federal de Nutrição</italic> (CFN, Federal Nutrition Council), Brazil, 2017.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1678-9865-rn-38-e240088-gf01-en.tif"/>
                        <attrib>Source: Prepared from data from CFN [46].</attrib>
                    </fig>
                    <p>On the other hand, considering the historical trajectory of nutritionists’ work in Brazil, at the same time that the number of professionals and their areas of activity increased, there was also an expansion of the specialties recognized by the nutrition regulatory entities [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. According to CFN resolution no. 689/2021, 34 specialties in Nutrition are acknowledged for academic and/or professional purposes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref> reports the list of these Nutrition specialties; they denote the entity’s effort to seek alignment and updating, with the advances in the scientific and technological development of Nutrition and the job market [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]. The expansion of specialties in Nutrition set up by the CFN, also seeks alignment with other professional categories in the health area, such as Medicine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] and Nursing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>], professions in which relevant levels of specialization are observed.</p>
                    <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref> we observe that in the set of Nutrition specialties, at least 13 (38.2%) constitute subareas of <italic>Clinical Nutrition</italic>, historically considered the core area of science and of the profession in the global framework [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. We can also see that the actual naming of each specialty was based on a close resemblance with the Medicine specialization fields [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>], a procedure that is justified by the greater proximity that this area of nutritionist practice has historically maintained with the paradigms of the biomedical field [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>].</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t01">
                        <label>Chart 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>List of the 34 specialties of nutritionists’ academic and/or professional activity, as established by the Conselho Federal de Nutrição (CFN, Federal Council of Nutrition), categorized by areas of activity. Brazil, 2024.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <th>Areas of activity</th>
                                    <th>&nbsp;</th>
                                    <th align="center">Nutrition Specialties</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td rowspan="13">Clinical Nutrition</td>
                                    <td>1.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>2.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Cardiology;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>3.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Palliative Care;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>4.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Endocrinology and Metabolism;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>5.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Gastroenterology;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>6.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Gerontology;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>7.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Nephrology;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>8.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Oncology;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>9.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition in Intensive Care;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>10.</td>
                                    <td>Precision Nutrition;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>11.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Eating Disorders;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>12.</td>
                                    <td>Maternal and Child Nutrition;<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">(a)</xref></bold></td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>13.</td>
                                    <td>Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Therapy.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td rowspan="5">Nutrition in Collective Feeding</td>
                                    <td>14.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Collective Feeding;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>15.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Collective Hospital Food;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>16.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in the Production of Commercial Meals;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>17.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in School Food;<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">(b)</xref></bold></td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>18.</td>
                                    <td>Food Quality and Safety.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td rowspan="9">Public Health Nutrition</td>
                                    <td>19.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>20.</td>
                                    <td>Management of Public Policies and Programs in Food and Nutrition;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>21.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Primary Care and Family and Community Health;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>22.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Indigenous Health;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>23.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in the Health of Traditional Peoples and Communities;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>24.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Women’s Health;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>25.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Mental Health;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>26</td>
                                    <td>Food and Nutrition Education;<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">(c)</xref></bold></td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>27.</td>
                                    <td>Food and Nutrition Security.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td>Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercise</td>
                                    <td>28.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercise.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td>Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Industry and in the Food Trade</td>
                                    <td>29.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Food Industry and Trade.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td rowspan="5">Specialties not included in the major areas of activity</td>
                                    <td>30.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition and Functional Foods;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>31.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition and Phytotherapy;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>32.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Vegetarianism;<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">(d)</xref></bold></td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>33.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Aesthetics;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>34.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Marketing.</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn>
                                <p>Note:</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN01">
                                <label>(a)</label>
                                <p>Specialty whose terminology could be equivalent to “Nutrition in Pediatrics” and/or “Nutrition in Gynecology”. It could also be linked to the area of Public Health Nutrition.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN02">
                                <label>(b)</label>
                                <p>Specialty that may be common or shared with the area of Public Health Nutrition.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN03">
                                <label>(c)</label>
                                <p>Specialty that in the academic training process constitutes a field or core of knowledge in the area of Public Health Nutrition, but that in professional practice should be shared by all areas.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN04">
                                <label>(d)</label>
                                <p>Terminology changed by the CFN as of June 2024.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn>
                                <p>Source: Prepared based on CNF regulations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>].</p>
                            </fn>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>In addition <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref> shows that the specialties that constitute subareas of <italic>Public Health Nutrition</italic>, which is the third nutritionists’ area of activity in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], include at least nine (26.5%) of the total categories. We see that the titles of these specialties maintain somehow an identification with the terminologies used in the area of Public Health, a field of scientific knowledge of a multidisciplinary epistemological nature and close to the Human and Social Sciences [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The specialties reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref> that represent specific subareas of <italic>Nutrition in Collective Feeding</italic>, considered the second area of activity of nutritionists in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>] that includes a total of at least five modalities. It is believed that the number of specialties in <italic>Nutrition in Collective Feeding</italic> was underestimated in the CFN Resolution No. 689 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], perhaps because certain subareas did not meet the established criteria. In fact, according to the 2016 CFN survey results [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>], the area of Nutrition in Collective Feeding was the area with the highest rate of operational nutritionists, and was also the one that contemplated a wide distribution of subareas and segments of activity, according to CFN Resolution No. 600/2018 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>], such as nutritionists’ management activities in the <italic>Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador</italic> (PAT, Worker Food Program) and in the <italic>Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição</italic> (UAN, Food and Nutrition Units) of industries and hotels, among other segments.</p>
                    <p>Among the specialties in Nutrition recognized by the CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>), some stand out for constituting the core of knowledge, skills and technical-scientific competence of a transversal nature, that is, they should cross all areas, such as Food and Nutrition Education. Others, due to their epidemiological and social relevance, complexity and accumulation of specific knowledge, have gained the status of professional area of activity in recent years, such as <italic>Precision Nutrition, Nutrition and Functional Foods, Nutrition and Phytotherapy, Nutrition in Aesthetics, Nutrition in Marketing, Nutrition in Eating Disorders</italic>, and <italic>Nutrition in Vegetarianism</italic>. It is also worth noting that the area of <italic>Nutrition in Education, Research and Extension</italic> (Teaching) is not recognized as a specialty in Nutrition. In this sense, it is worth highlighting that taking as parameters of comparison the regulations of Medicine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] and Nursing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>], very different behaviors are observed in relation to the issue of Teaching (Teaching, Research and Extension) between these professions. In the Resolution of the Federal Council of Medicine, Teaching is not recognized either as an area of activity, nor as a specialty [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] whereas in the Resolution of the Federal Council of Nursing, Teaching is recognized both as an area of activity and as a specialty [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. In Nursing, eight specialties are recognized in the area of Teaching (or Teaching and Research, according to the terminology used by the specific standard of this profession), namely: (i) Bioethics; (ii) Education in Nursing (Higher Education Methodology; Scientific Research Methodology; Higher Education Teaching; Nursing Assistance Projects; Teaching for Professional Education; and Teaching in Health Sciences); (iii) Permanent and Continuing Education in Health; (iv) Nursing; (v) Nursing in Clinical Research; (vi) Ethics; (vii) Epistemological and Philosophical Bases of Nursing; and viii) The History of Nursing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Therefore, the example of Nursing could be taken as a basis for consideration by the CFN for future updates of its regulations.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title><italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> as nutritionists’ specialty in Brazil</title>
                    <p>The emergence of <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> or <italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic> as a field of practice for nutritionists is a relatively recent phenomenon, both in Brazil and elsewhere in the world. Evidence on the dissemination of the concept of <italic>Personalized Nutrition indicates</italic> that the first scientific publications occurred in the first decade of the 21st century [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. The use of the term <italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic> has its origins associated with the terms <italic>Nutritional Genomics</italic> (or <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic> or <italic>Nutrigenetics</italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. According to the literature examined, it was from the sequencing of the human genome and the subsequent advancement of knowledge about the variability of human genetics that the field of <italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic> emerged [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>].</p>
                    <p><italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> is based on the principle of the complex and multidimensional interaction of the metabolic heterogeneity of individuals in relation to their needs and responses to food and nutrient intake, which involves biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors and, mainly, variations in genetics, epigenetics, and microbiota. <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> is based on the premise that considering the analysis of the individuals’ genomes, we can distinguish those who respond from those who do not respond to dietary interventions and treatments, thus enabling the development of more precise and effective nutritional therapy and dietary counseling plans [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>].</p>
                    <p>According to the literature review Precision Nutrition has been used in different fields based on omics technologies, in the development of functional foods and in clinical practice aimed at nutritional therapy and advice for a wide range of diseases, disorders, and health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, malignancies, metabolic syndrome, eating disorders, etc. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>]. In the previous section of this article, we pointed out that, according to CFN Resolution No. 689/2021 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], Precision Nutrition constitutes a specialty characteristic of the Clinical Nutrition area of activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>). However, according to the literature review we performed, it was observed that the foundations of Precision Nutrition support other areas of the nutritionists’ professional practice. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref> presents the results of exploratory searches in the PubMed database about the topic which is being investigated in this article. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 2</xref> shows that 1,368 articles on the topic were found in the 12 G7 and BRICS countries, with the five highest frequencies observed in the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Italy.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t02">
                        <label>Table 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Total number of articles retrieved and publication period for the 12 G7 and BRICS countries investigated, according to a search in the PubMed database, on May 14, 2024, using the refined advanced strategies.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">Country</th>
                                    <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritionists AND Personalized Nutrition AND Country</th>
                                    <th rowspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
                                    <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritionists AND Artificial Intelligence AND Country</th>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <th>Total articles retrieved</th>
                                    <th>Publication period</th>
                                    <th>Total articles retrieved</th>
                                    <th>Publication period</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tfoot>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Total</td>
                                    <td>1.368</td>
                                    <td>1946-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>12</td>
                                    <td>2011-2024</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tfoot>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">United States of America</td>
                                    <td>404</td>
                                    <td>1994-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>2</td>
                                    <td>2020-2024</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Japan</td>
                                    <td>57</td>
                                    <td>1964-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>Not retrieved</td>
                                    <td>Not retrieved</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Germany</td>
                                    <td>37</td>
                                    <td>2000-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                    <td>2018</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">United Kingdom</td>
                                    <td>196</td>
                                    <td>1978-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>2</td>
                                    <td>2016-2024</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">France</td>
                                    <td>56</td>
                                    <td>1952-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Italy</td>
                                    <td>123</td>
                                    <td>1997-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                    <td>2024</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Canada</td>
                                    <td>223</td>
                                    <td>1946-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                    <td>2023</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Brazil</td>
                                    <td>161</td>
                                    <td>1953-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                    <td>2014</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Russia</td>
                                    <td>3</td>
                                    <td>1999-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">India</td>
                                    <td>37</td>
                                    <td>1988-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                    <td>None</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">China</td>
                                    <td>46</td>
                                    <td>1996-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>2</td>
                                    <td>2011-2024</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">South Africa</td>
                                    <td>25</td>
                                    <td>1964-2024</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>2</td>
                                    <td>2023-2024</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <table-wrap id="t03">
                        <label>Chart 2</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>List of articles published in the last five years, selected in the search carried out on Precision Nutrition and nutritionist, on May 5, 2023, according to author/year, country/location, objective and potential areas of application.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <th>Author / year</th>
                                    <th align="center">Country/Local</th>
                                    <th align="center">Objective</th>
                                    <th align="center">Areas of activity (Application)</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Renner et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Germany, Konstanz</td>
                                    <td>Theoretical-conceptual essay. Proposes to extend current Personalized Nutrition approaches by creating adaptive personalized nutrition advice systems (APNASs) that are tailored to the type and timing of personalized advice to individual needs, capabilities, and receptivity in real-life food environments.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Clinical Nutrition, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Kirk et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                    <td align="center">Netherlands, Wageningen</td>
                                    <td>Systematic literature review to provide an overview of where and how machine learning has been used in Precision Nutrition from different aspects, what these machine learning models use as input features, what is the availability status of the data used in the literature, and how the models are evaluated.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Clinical Nutrition, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Antwi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">USA, Prairie View</td>
                                    <td>The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize the current research and examine the state of the science regarding the effect of Precision Nutrition on improving risk factors for obesity and type 2 diabetes.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Cunha &amp; Duarte<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">Portugal, Viseu</td>
                                    <td>This paper presents the concepts, requirements, and architecture of a solution that supports dietitians in creating and reviewing meal plans and users in following them. It does so by minimizing human-computer interaction by integrating dietitian and user systems and introducing off-the-shelf IoT devices into the system, such as temperature sensors, smartwatches, smartphones, and smart bottles.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Martínez-Garay et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Spain, Madrid</td>
                                    <td>This review aims to provide oncology researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive overview of the contemporary landscape of nutritional interventions and precision nutrition as cancer therapeutics, and to provide insight into the steps required to establish nutritional interventions as a standard of care.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Fischer et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>] /2020</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Curitiba (PR)</td>
                                    <td>The study consisted of a quantitative map of the nutrigenomic outlook in the scientific and popular context of Brazil, and an exploratory bibliographic analysis with the objective of identifying moral agents and patients, as well as vulnerabilities to promote reflection in light of Bioethics.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Clinical Nutrition, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Teixeira &amp; Melo<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Juiz de Fora (MG)</td>
                                    <td>Review and critical analysis of works researched electronically through the Pubmed database. To evaluate the relationship between intestinal microbiota and bioactive compounds in food in the modulation of genes related to obesity, highlighting the main epigenetic mechanisms.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Almeida [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (RJ)</td>
                                    <td>This review aims to explore key aspects of personalized medicine for age-related diseases using pharmacogenomic and nutrigenomic data, addressing the bioethical concerns involved in the use of these data.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Nicoletti et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>] /2017</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Ribeirão Preto (SP)</td>
                                    <td>This review provides an overview of the literature on new findings relating nutritional genomics and bariatric surgery. It also describes the importance of nutritional genomics concepts in personalized bariatric care. It includes a discussion of the potential role that bariatric surgery plays in altering the three pillars of nutritional genomics: nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, and epigenetics.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Lopes et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>] / 2028</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Campo Grande (MS)</td>
                                    <td>Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to compare the lipid profiles of 12 commercial infant formula samples and 10 breast milk samples. In addition, vegetable, fish and microalgae oil as raw materials in infant formulas were also investigated to understand the lipid profile of infant formulas.</td>
                                    <td>Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Food Industry and Commerce.<break/> Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Duarte et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Brasília (DF)</td>
                                    <td>A double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of an acute intake of Passiflora setacea juice on inflammation, metabolic parameters and gene expression in circulating immune cells in humans.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Martins et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, São Carlos (SP)</td>
                                    <td>The study reports the development of flexible, label-free immunosensor chips made with tree-like gold dendrites (AuDdrites) electrochemically formed by selective desorption of l-cysteine (L-cys) onto (111) gold planes. They can be extended for use as wearable sensors with their mechanical flexibility and possible customization for monitoring the metabololite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in the Production Chain, in the Industry and in the Food Trade; among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Tecchio Borsoi et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Campinas (SP)</td>
                                    <td>Updated review (mini review) involving the current applications of high-throughput technologies in ovarian cancer, the role of dietary polyphenols and their mechanistic effects in ovarian cancer, and the currentstatus and challenges of precision nutrition.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Duarte et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil, Natal (RN)</td>
                                    <td>Narrative review of studies published in PubMed Science Direct investigates whether nutrigenetic testing can help prevent or treat obesity.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Public Health.<break/>Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>Furthermore, in connection with the dissemination of the concept of Precision Nutrition, the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics already in 2016 warned that this emerging scientific field should be included in the professional health practice, grounded on the use of a solid knowledge derived from <italic>Nutrigenetics</italic> and <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>]. In Brazil, in the field of <italic>Human Nutrition</italic>, the use of the term <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> is still rare or nonexistent in the papers included in the SciELO database. Only three publications using this term were found [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>]. In turn, using the term <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic>, five publications were located [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]. Therefore, it was deduced that the emergence of the concept of <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic> in Brazil, taking the SciELO database as a reference, occurred initially in 2008, with the publication of a pioneering study by Fialho et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>] and then the study by Vasconcelos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], published in 2010, both essays of a theoretical, conceptual and historical nature.</p>
                    <p>On the other hand, in the PubMed® database, different publications by Brazilian researchers were retrieved, using the indexers <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> or <italic>Personalized Nutrition</italic> or <italic>Nutrigenomics</italic>. Such articles in international journals appear to have emerged as of 2017. In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Chart 2</xref>, we present the list of the 14 articles selected in the search carried out on <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> and <italic>nutritionist</italic>, on May 5, 2023, according to author/year, country/location, objective and potential areas of application. In this section of our article, out of the 14 studies selected, nine were authored by Brazilian researchers, six of which are bibliographic review articles and three are empirical investigations (primary data) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>]. Of the five articles by international researchers selected to compose this section of our article, four are review articles and only one is of an empirical nature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>]. The nine articles authored by Brazilian researchers, linked to public institutions in different states (São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Brasília, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte), address themes pertinent to the use of procedures related to Precision Nutrition, such as: bariatric surgery; fatty acids in infant formulas versus human milk; food consumption and metabolic risks; methods for determining Vitamin D; ovarian cancer; obesity; microbiota; antioxidants; ethics and bioethics.</p>
                    <p>In summary, in the last two decades, <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> has emerged, both in Brazil and elsewhere in the world, as one of the new <italic>scientific paradigms</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] aimed at elucidating the complex and multi-causal nutritional issues. Above all, this new field of action for nutritionists circulates as a new nutritional paradigm, aimed at developing more precise and effective nutritional therapy and dietary counseling plans. The limitations and potential of this specialty in Nutrition have been highlighted in the overseas scientific literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>] and in Brazil literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>]. In fact, considering the theory of construction and deconstruction of paradigms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>], the theory of constitution and consolidation of scientific fields [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>] and the theory of fabrication of scientific truths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], the brief and non-exhaustive literature review on <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> in Brazil shows that this is a very fertile ground, although dry and swampy, for the work of nutritionists. The almost total invisibility of reports on the performance of nutritionists in the <italic>Precision Nutrition</italic> specialty leads to the suggestion that potential experiences carried out in this emerging and promising field of professional activity should be submitted for publication in international and national circulation journals indexed in scientific databases.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The use of digital technologies by nutritionists: from human nutrition to “neonutrition” or “nutrition of things”</title>
                    <p>As already mentioned in the previous sections of this article, in the global context including Brazil, there has been a growing advance in the use of technological innovations, including the involvement of AI in the different areas of nutritionists’ practice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. In fact, in recent decades, there has been a potential “deconstruction” of <italic>old paradigms</italic> (<italic>traditional paradigms</italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>] and an incipient process of construction of new paradigms that guide the procedures for diagnosing and intervening in nutritional problems. This construction process of new paradigms seems to be focused exclusively on the adoption of the foundations of technological advances. Epistemological, philosophical, holistic or critical arguments from researchers for adherence to new paradigms of science and professional practice are rarely observed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]. In Brazil, Nutrition in its dimensions as a <italic>scientific field</italic> (Science) and <italic>professional field</italic> (Profession) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], throughout its 85-year historical trajectory, has accompanied the economic, social, political and cultural transformations endeavored by Brazilian society [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. In this trajectory, the diagnostic and nutritional intervention procedures that for decades were characterized by the use of analog technologies have been increasingly replaced by new digital technologies, including AI. In this connection, we seek to explain the neologism and analogy of the subtitle of this section: From Human Nutrition to “Neonutrition” or “Nutrition of things”.</p>
                    <p>The concept of AI has been associated to the use of computers that perform cognitive procedures, generally attributed to the human mind, particularly associated with learning and problem-solving, involving a broad and complex set of data or information. Therefore, the definition of AI, according to the literature we assessed, presupposes the simultaneous use of different digital technologies, such as: (a) Machine Learning - ML; (b) Deep Learning - DL; (c) Data Mining - DM; and (d) Neural Networks - NT [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In turn, in the evolution of digital technologies, around 1999, as reported by Lacerda &amp; Lima-Marques [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>], the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) was created and disseminated, attributed to Kevin Ashton from Great Britain. This explains the analogy expressed in the subtitle of the section – “Nutrition of things”. Generally speaking, the term IoT refers to a network of interconnected physical objects, integrated by means of software, sensors and technologies, which exchange data with each other. Physical objects (or things) of everyday use that are transformed into an infinity of digital devices or technologies, such as watches, cell phones, computers, toys, refrigerators, televisions, houses, cars, among others [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>].</p>
                    <p>According to the narrative review carried out by Miyazawa et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>], the application of the AI concept in the field of Nutrition was consolidated in the late 2010s. Relevant literature review studies have sought to map the history of AI in the field of Nutrition, seeking to identify the different fields of application, as well as to review their potentialities and limitations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. With the purpose of illustration, two examples of these reviews are summarized. The study by Limketkai et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], which consisted of a literature review describing the use of digital devices, such as: (a) mobile applications with features for managing body weight loss; fasting timer; food tracker by barcodes; calorie, nutrient and energy expenditure monitor, among others; (b) wearable devices (accessories and clothing), such as “Smartwatches” for nutritional assessment and devices for dietary assessment with the ability to monitor food consumption, symptoms, bowel movements, exercise, stress and sleep, used to support the determination of patterns and choice of foods for the composition of the diet; and (c) digital devices that are now used by nutritional support teams in virtual, remote or non-face-to-face consultations or care, carried out through videos, cell phones, computers and telephones – the so-called <italic>telehealth</italic> or, in this case, <italic>telenutrition</italic>, a procedure standardized in Brazil by the CFN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]. Limketkai et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] concluded that such AI devices have contributed to the improvement of the quality and safety of nutritional care. On the other hand, these authors attest to the early stage of development of AI in the field of Clinical Nutrition, pointing to a promising future in this field. Indeed AI has transformed the use of digital technologies into reality, which, a few years ago, consisted of science fiction devices. In fact, according to the exploratory search results presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 2</xref>, a total of 12 studies was found for the <italic>nutritionists</italic> AND <italic>artificial intelligence</italic> strategy in the 12 G7 and BRICS countries investigated: two studies (<italic>n</italic>=2) in the USA, United Kingdom, China and South Africa respectively; one (<italic>n</italic>=1) in Germany, Italy, Canada and Brazil respectively: in the other countries (Japan, France, Russia and India) no studies were found.</p>
                    <p>A systematic literature review, published in 2024, was carried out by Theodore Armand et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] with the aim of investigating the current scenario of AI in Nutrition, in order to deeply understand the potential of ML and DL, and highlighting possible challenges and future directions. Out of the total of 1,498 articles dealing with the application of AI in Nutrition, 31 studies were included in the review. These articles were assessed according to the modalities of AI use in five thematic clusters: Smart and personalized nutrition (<italic>n</italic>=10, 32.3%), Predictive modeling for diseases (<italic>n</italic>=8, 25.8%), Dietary assessment (<italic>n</italic>=6, 19.4%), Food recognition and tracking (<italic>n</italic>=4, 12.9%), and Disease diagnosis and monitoring (<italic>n</italic>=3, 9%). The authors also point out that with the rapid advancement of AI, its integration into Nutrition holds significant promise for improving individual nutritional outcomes and optimizing dietary recommendations.</p>
                    <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Chart 3</xref> shows a list of 20 articles selected for the construction of this section, according to authorship/year of publication, objectives and keywords. Among these, four are literature review studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], 12 are empirical articles retrieved in the G7 and BRICS countries’ literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] and four are empirical articles written by Brazilian researchers taken as examples [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>]. It can be observed that the 12 empirical studies of the G7 and BRICS countries deal with reports of the use of different experiences, involving digital technologies (including AI) in the professional practice of nutritionists, focused on topics such as chronic non-communicable diseases (obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases), healthy eating, diet quality, food choices, among others. Although such studies adhere more to the areas of <italic>Clinical Nutrition and Nutrition in Teaching, Research</italic> and <italic>Extension</italic>, we consider that such technological innovations constitute a field of instrumental knowledge for all areas of nutritionist activity.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t04">
                        <label>Chart 3</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>List of articles selected in the search carried out on nutritionists and digital technologies, including the use of artificial intelligence, on May 5, 2023, according to author/year, country/location, objective and potential areas of application.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="left">
                                    <th>Author / year</th>
                                    <th align="center">Country/Local</th>
                                    <th>Objective</th>
                                    <th>Areas of activity (Application)</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Miyazawa et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">Japan,<break/> Aoba-ku,<break/>Sendai</td>
                                    <td>This review aims to summarize these technological advances by systematically describing the following: the use of AI in other fields (e.g., engineering, pharmacy, and medicine); the history of AI in relation to food science and nutrition; the AI technologies currently used in the agricultural and food industries; and some of the important applications of AI in areas such as immunity-boosting foods, dietary assessment, gut microbiome profile analysis, and toxicity prediction of food ingredients.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Côté &amp; Lamarche<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                    <td align="center">Canada,<break/> Quebec</td>
                                    <td>In this review, an overview of the main and latest applications of AI in nutrition research is provided and gaps are identified that ought to be addressed to potentialize this emerging field. AI algorithms may help better understand and predict the complex and non-linear interactions between nutrition-related data and health outcomes, particularly when large amounts of data need to be structured and integrated, such as in metabolomics. AI-based approaches, including image recognition, may also improve dietary assessment by maximizing efficiency and addressing systematic and random errors associated with self-reported measurements of dietary intakes.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Limketkai et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                    <td align="center">USA,<break/> Los Angeles</td>
                                    <td>This review discusses the implementation of such technologies for nutrition, ranging from the use of mobile apps and wearable technologies to the development of decision support tools for parenteral nutrition and use of telehealth for remote assessment of nutrition.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercise, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Theodore Armand<break/>et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                    <td align="center">South Korea<break/> Gimhae</td>
                                    <td>This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current outlook of AI in nutrition, providing a deep understanding of the potential of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in nutrition sciences and highlighting eventual challenges and futuristic directions. A hybrid approach from the systematic literature review (SLR) guidelines and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adopted to systematically analyze the scientific literature from a search of major databases on artificial intelligence in nutrition sciences.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Burgermaster et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                    <td align="center">USA,<break/> Austin, Texas</td>
                                    <td>Examine applicability of the suggestion system approach to providing data-driven decision support in the context of personalizing nutritional recommendations for individuals with T2D (type 2 diabetes) using PGHD (patient-generated health data).</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercise, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Murakami et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>] / 2021</td>
                                    <td align="center">Japan,<break/> Tokyo</td>
                                    <td>Describe the development process and piloting among dietitians of our web-based PN (personalized nutrition) system for helping improve the quality of overall diet in the general adult population.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Elfert et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">Germany,<break/> Oldenburg</td>
                                    <td>A digital nutrition diary was developed that is specially adapted to the needs of geriatric patients (&gt;=70 years), enabling them to record their consumption behavior themselves.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercise, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Chung et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>] / 2024</td>
                                    <td align="center">United Kingdom,<break/> Guildford</td>
                                    <td>This substudy tested if machine learning could predict need to see a dietitian (NTSD) using 5 or 10 measures.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Schäfer et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">France,<break/> Palaiseau</td>
                                    <td>To evaluate attitudes and expectations toward digital patient-generated health data and food tracking mobile apps and understand if their choices are associated with age groups.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Gnagnarella et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] / 2022</td>
                                    <td align="center">Italy,<break/> Palermo</td>
                                    <td>We designed the first survey to investigate the changes in RDN (Registered Dietitian Nutritionist) o practices related to telenutrition provision after the onset of the pandemic through an online survey in Italy.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Collective Feeding; Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Davis &amp; MacKay<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>] / 2020</td>
                                    <td align="center">Canada,<break/> Victoria,<break/>British Columbia</td>
                                    <td>To confirm a functional model of an integrated shared decision-making-personal health record system (e-PHR) by young adults with T1D (type 1 diabetes) and care providers.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Rodrigues et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil,<break/> Belo Horizonte (MG)</td>
                                    <td>To develop a machine learning-based method to automatically identify and classify food and non-food ad videos.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Collective Feeding; Clinical Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Popova et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Russia, <break/> Saint Petersburg</td>
                                    <td>To clarify the effect of using DiaCompanion I on glycaemic levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Erande et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">India,<break/> Kamothe, <break/>Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra</td>
                                    <td>A framework for the development of a healthy heart mobile application for CVD risk stratification and risk management among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was finalized after consultation with diabetologists, nutritionists, and scientists.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Sun et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">China,<break/> Beijing</td>
                                    <td>The potential of an AI nutritionist program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was evaluated through a multistep process. Finally, a user-friendly app was developed, integrating the capabilities of language and image recognition models to potentially improve care for patients with T2DM.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Greyvensteyn et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">South Africa,<break/> Bloemfontein</td>
                                    <td>To investigate the perceptions of registered dietitians (RDs) and general practitioners (GPs) in South Africa regarding nutrigenomics. A self-administered electronic survey using EvaSys Software® was completed by those that agreed to participate.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Moraes &amp; Pereira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>] / 2010</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil,<break/> Santa Maria (RS)</td>
                                    <td>Development of an Expert System (SISNUTRI) to assess nutritional risks in children and adolescents, as well as the use of Food Anamnesis techniques, to assist in the learning of students in the Nutrition course.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition; Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Collective Feeding; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Caivano et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>] / 2014</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil,<break/> Santos (SP)</td>
                                    <td>To assess users’ perception regarding the usability of the Digital Food Guide (GAD), a smartphone application with guidelines on healthy eating.</td>
                                    <td>Clinical Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition, Nutrition in Collective Feeding, Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Moreira et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>] / 2017</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil,<break/> Belo Horizonte<break/>(MG)</td>
                                    <td>Present and evaluate a software that uses Artificial Intelligence techniques (CARDNUTRI) to automatically and quickly prepare weekly nutritional menus for School Meals, meeting the daily nutritional needs of students and, simultaneously, minimizing the total cost of the menu.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Collective Feeding; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="left" valign="top">
                                    <td>Coelho et al.<break/>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>] / 2023</td>
                                    <td align="center">Brazil,<break/> São Paulo (SP)</td>
                                    <td>Develop a computational tool (NutriPersona) to represent the nutritionist’s expertise in preparing personalized menus using the nutrient intake assessment database from the Brazilian Food Composition Table.</td>
                                    <td>Public Health Nutrition; Nutrition in Collective Feeding; Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension; Nutrition in Sports and Physical Exercises, among others.</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>In Brazil, a literature search in the SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar databases revealed that there are still few papers of Brazilian researchers reporting their experiences in this field. The studies reported demonstrate the impacts that the “<italic>internet of things</italic>” has had on the practice of Brazilian nutritionists. The first records on the application of digital technologies, including AI devices, began to appear in the early 2000s. However, publications in scientific journals only began in 2010. As an example, we selected five of these studies that address the use of these technological innovations by nutritionists. The first is the study published in 2010 by Moraes and Pereira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>], who, using AI procedures, proposed the development of a tool called “SISNUTRI”, an expert system to assess nutritional risks in children and adolescents, using anthropometric and dietary anamnesis data with the aim of assisting students in the learning of nutritional assessment in their Nutrition course. The second study by Caivano et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>] was issued in 2014; its objective was to evaluate users’ perception regarding the usability of the Digital Food Guide (DFG), a smartphone application with guidelines on healthy eating. The third study, published in 2017, is the “CardNutri” tool, a software that uses AI techniques for automated planning of weekly menus for school meals, based on the regulations established by the <italic>Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar</italic> (PNAE, National School Feeding Program) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>]. The fourth study, published in 2023, is the methodological study carried out by Rodrigues et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>], which, with the use of AI devices, aimed to develop an algorithm model that prioritized accuracy and efficiency in the automated monitoring and classification of advertising videos for healthy and unhealthy foods, shown on Brazilian television (TV) advertisements. Finally, the fifth study, published in 2023, is “<italic>NutriPersona</italic>” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>], a web-based computational tool, using AI, for the automatic development of personalized menus, based on a database of Brazilian food composition, considering the nutritional recommendations and the food preferences of Brazilian healthy adults.</p>
                    <p>Finally, in the last two decades, simultaneously with the dominant paradigms, centered on technological innovations (<italic>Precision Nutrition, Nutrigenomics</italic>, <italic>“Nutrition of Things”</italic>, etc.) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>], other competing paradigms, such as the sustainability paradigms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>] have gained prominence in the field of Nutrition. Since 2015, with the publication by the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], composed of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), different papers have been issued, which, simultaneously, have sought to reflect and propose goals and perspectives for the future of Nutrition, within its three dimensions: science, social policy and profession [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>]. It is noteworthy that, since the end of the 20th century, the circulation of the nutritional transition paradigm has already been evident, whose central assumptions based on the search for explanations and strategies to resolve the complex and paradoxical nutritional epidemiological outlook, characterized by the simultaneous coexistence of nutritional diseases associated with situations of poverty and hunger of people (such as protein-calorie malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, endemic goiter and hypovitaminosis) and nutritional diseases associated with modernity and the excess and/or imbalance in the consumption and bioavailability/utilization of calories and nutrients (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension, certain types of cancer and eating disorders) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>]. In 2019, with the publication of the Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change report, the paradigm of the <italic>global syndemic of obesity, malnutrition and climate change</italic> was added [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>]. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and its social, economic and nutritional impacts, especially in relation to the global expansion of poverty and hunger rates, new challenges and perspectives began to circulate in the field of Nutrition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. The UN Sustainable Development Report 2023 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>] warns about the weak and insufficient performance of all the SDGs established in the 2030 Agenda [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], particularly those related to the eradication of poverty and hunger and the fight against climate change, which have worsened throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), entitled <italic>The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>] points out that if efforts are not redoubled and better targeted, the SDG of ending hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>] will remain out of reach. This FAO report states that in 2022, between 690 and 783 million people worldwide faced hunger, which corresponded to 122 million more people than before the COVID-19 pandemic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. In contrast to this scenario, in its subtitle, the FAO report for 2021, quoting data from 2020, presented a very hopeful message for future global actions, namely <italic>transforming food systems to ensure food security, better nutrition and healthy diets for all</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>]. This message brings in its statement concepts, premises and assumptions of the paradigm of sustainability, sovereignty and food security [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>], a competing paradigm, perhaps, the paradigm of a new Nutrition (NeoNutrition), EcoNutrition.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>CONCLUSION</title>
                <p>Regarding the nutritionists’ areas of activity and specialties in Brazil, we concluded that: (a) By recognizing 34 specialties in Nutrition, traditional and new fields of activity for Brazilian nutritionists, the CFN seems to seek to establish a direct and updated dialogue with the scientific and technological advances of Nutrition Science, within its global context; (b) The expansion of the areas of professional activity and specialties in Nutrition is in line with the contextual demands defined by the expansion in the number of professionals, by the job market, as well as by the search for identification with other professions in the health sector; (c) Of the 34 specialties, the vast majority is linked to the three traditional areas of activity of the Brazilian nutritionist: Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition in Collective Feeding and Public Health Nutrition. These three areas of activity, especially Clinical Nutrition and their respective specialties, maintain their close identification with traditional paradigms of the biomedical field, incorporating the new dominant paradigms, arising from scientific and technological advances (<italic>Precision Nutrition, Nutrigenomics and Nutrition of Things</italic>); (d) However, in the new specialties acknowledged by the CFN, a percentage of around 25% is potentially linked to the competing paradigms, traditionally identified with the field of Human and Social Sciences (<italic>Nutrition in Indigenous Health, Nutrition in the Health of Traditional Peoples and Communities, Nutrition in Vegetarianism, Food and Nutritional Security</italic>, among others).</p>
                <p>Regarding the literature review on Precision Nutrition considered as a specialty of nutrition in Brazil, it is concluded that: (a) The analysis of the 14 selected articles shows that, both in the global context and in Brazil, Precision Nutrition emerges as one of the new scientific paradigms aimed at elucidating the complex and multicausal nutritional issues, being applied in different fields that use omics technologies, in the development of functional foods and in clinical practice aimed at nutritional therapy and counseling to control a wide range of diseases, disorders and health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, malignancies, metabolic syndrome, eating disorders, etc.; and (b) Although Precision Nutrition is identified as one of the specialties of the <italic>Clinical Nutrition</italic> area of activity, its epistemological and methodological principles and procedures apply to other areas of the nutritionists’ professional activity.</p>
                <p>Regarding the literature review on the use of digital technologies by nutritionists, including AI devices, it was concluded that: (a) The analysis of the 20 studies included, originating from the G7 and BRICS countries, as well as those produced by Brazilian researchers, indicated that these are reports of the use of different experiences, involving digital technologies (including AI) in the professional practice of nutritionists, focused on topics such as chronic non-communicable diseases (obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases), healthy eating, diet quality, food choices, among others; (b) Although such studies were identified as having greater adherence to the areas of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrition in Teaching, Research and Extension, it is considered that such technological innovations constitute a field of instrumental knowledge for all areas of the nutritionists’ practice.</p>
                <p>Finally, the literature review carried out reveals that, in Brazil, there is still a scarcity of studies on the work of nutritionists in the Precision Nutrition specialty and, above all, studies on the application of digital technologies, including AI devices. Therefore, it indicates that, although promising, these are fields of knowledge and professional activity that are still in their infancy.</p>
                <p>In short, our expectation is that this growing number of Brazilian nutritionists, who are active across the 34 traditional and new fields of activity, whether or not they share the same paradigms, have as a principle of their practices the construction of a Brazilian society, where the relationships between man-nature-food are focused on ensuring the human right to adequate and healthy food for everyone, as well as the ecological sustainability of our planet.</p>
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                        <bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Vasconcelos FAG. New nutritionists’ fields of activity in Brazil: the emergence of digital technological innovations, including artificial intelligence. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240088. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240088en</ext-link>
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