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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rn</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Revista de Nutrição</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Nutr</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">1415-5273</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1678-9865</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092pt</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIÊ | 85 anos de atuação profissional do nutricionista no Brasil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Nutrição em saúde mental e transtornos alimentares</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6922-2670</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Alvarenga</surname>
                        <given-names>Marle dos Santos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8686-7611</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Dunker</surname>
                        <given-names>Karin Louise Lenz</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6370-4548</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Lopes</surname>
                        <given-names>Helen Cristina Bittencourt</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0799-9644</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pisciolaro</surname>
                        <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Saúde Pública</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição em Saúde Pública</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>São Paulo</city>
                    <state>SP</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Transtornos Alimentares (AMBULIM)</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Psiquiatria</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>São Paulo</city>
                    <state>SP</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Transtornos Alimentares (AMBULIM), Instituto de Psiquiatria. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c01"> Correspondência para: MS ALVARENGA. E-mail: <email>marlealv@usp.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflitos de interesse</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>38</volume>
            <elocation-id>e240092</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>06</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>21</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>RESUMO</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>O objetivo deste relato histórico, bibliográfico e de experiência é traçar um panorama sobre atuação do nutricionista no Brasil com transtornos alimentares e saúde mental – duas áreas que se comunicam, mas com várias particularidades.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Métodos</title>
                    <p>Os primeiros centros de tratamento para transtornos alimentares e a ação de nutricionistas em clínica e pesquisa é revisitada, destacando-se centros de referência e publicações pioneiras. As possibilidades de ação e estudo em centros e residências multiprofissionais em saúde mental são revisadas, com destaque para potencialidades e cuidados.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>Frente à nova resolução do sistema do Conselho Federal de Nutrição e da Associação Brasileira de Nutrição, que agora reconhece transtornos alimentares e saúde mental como especialidades para os nutricionistas, uma discussão crítica sobre as necessidades e preocupações, que passam por uma formação adequada e ética é realizada.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>O histórico de atuação do nutricionista no Brasil com transtornos alimentares e saúde mental deve ser considerado, bem como desafios e potencialidades de atuação nestas duas novas especialidades propostas.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Aconselhamento nutricional</kwd>
                <kwd>Saúde mental</kwd>
                <kwd>Transtornos alimentares</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
            <p>Os Transtornos Alimentares (TA) são condições psiquiátricas com critérios diagnósticos estabelecidos pela <italic>American Psychiatric Association</italic> (APA) em seu Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>], atualmente em sua versão revisada DSM-5-TR [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>], e dentro do sistema de classificação da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>].</p>
            <p>Saúde mental pode ser definida como “um estado de bem-estar no qual o indivíduo reconhece suas próprias habilidades, consegue lidar com os estresses normais da vida, trabalhar de forma produtiva e frutífera, e é capaz de contribuir para sua comunidade” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. Essa definição, fornecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 1946, continua amplamente reconhecida e utilizada como referência fundamental no campo da saúde mental [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>].</p>
            <p>De acordo com a Resolução nº 689 do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas (CFN), de 4 de maio de 2021 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>], a Nutrição em Saúde Mental e a Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares passam a ser oficialmente reconhecidas como especialidades pelo CFN e pelos Conselhos Regionais de Nutricionistas, para fins acadêmicos e profissionais.</p>
            <p>Neste contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama histórico, bibliográfico e de relato de experiência sobre a atuação de nutricionistas no Brasil com transtornos alimentares e saúde mental , duas áreas que dialogam entre si, mas possuem muitas particularidades. Esta análise incluirá uma discussão crítica sobre a necessidade desses campos e as considerações éticas associadas. Em comemoração aos 85 anos da atuação de nutricionistas no Brasil, esta seção especial contou com uma revisão bibliográfica abrangente realizada pelas autoras, utilizando bases de dados como PubMed, <italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic> (SciELO) e Google Scholar. A revisão teve como foco artigos publicados por nutricionistas sobre transtornos alimentares. Adicionalmente, as autoras buscaram ativamente documentos e relatos de nutricionistas atuantes em centros de referência em tratamento e pesquisa, bem como artigos relacionados à atuação de nutricionistas em saúde mental e informações sobre programas de residência multiprofissional em saúde mental no Brasil. A revisão dos artigos e documentos realizada evidenciou que os estudos sobre o tema ainda são escassos, o que justifica a relevância, atualidade e pertinência do presente estudo.</p>
            <p>Este artigo é composto por duas seções principais que abordam duas especialidades emergentes — Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares e Nutrição em Saúde Mental — por meio da apresentação de relatos históricos sobre práticas profissionais, experiências e publicações. Conclui-se com reflexões teóricas sobre as perspectivas futuras nesses campos.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>A atuação profissional do nutricionista em transtornos alimentares</title>
                <p>O desenvolvimento histórico da classificação dos transtornos alimentares (TA) no campo da psiquiatria reflete mudanças significativas ao longo do tempo. O Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM) foi proposto pela primeira vez pela APA em 1952, com o objetivo de sistematizar diversas classificações que existiam nos Estados Unidos desde 1840. O DSM inicial buscava suprir as limitações das classificações de transtornos mentais existentes na Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-6), consideradas insatisfatórias pela psiquiatria americana. Após a publicação do DSM, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) revisou a classificação da CID-6, mas ela ainda não atendia às expectativas dos psiquiatras norte-americanos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>].</p>
                <p>Em 1968, tanto a APA quanto a OMS publicaram versões atualizadas de suas classificações: a CID-8 e o DSM-II, respectivamente. Naquela época, ambas as publicações abrangiam categorias gerais semelhantes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>]. A anorexia nervosa e a bulimia nervosa foram incluídas pela primeira vez no DSM-III, publicado em 1980, bem como na CID-9. O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica foi introduzido pela primeira vez no DSM-IV, em 1994, inicialmente como uma categoria provisória, sendo incluído como uma condição clínica distinta apenas na CID-11 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>]. Ao longo dos anos, ambos os sistemas de classificação passaram por inúmeras atualizações e acréscimos em relação aos transtornos alimentares. Atualmente, o DSM-5 e a CID-11 apresentam representações semelhantes desses transtornos, o que marca uma mudança significativa em relação às discrepâncias observadas em edições anteriores [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>].</p>
                <p>Com esse contexto histórico do surgimento dos critérios diagnósticos, torna-se evidente que o tratamento interprofissional dos transtornos alimentares não era um conceito reconhecido no contexto norte-americano antes da década de 1990. A primeira diretriz de tratamento voltada aos transtornos alimentares foi publicada em 2000 pela APA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], seguida por uma segunda edição em 2002 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. A quarta edição dessa diretriz, que inclui aspectos da reabilitação nutricional, foi lançada em 2023 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>].</p>
                <p>No contexto da nutrição norte-americana, a <italic>American Dietetic Association</italic> (ADA) tem publicado sistematicamente posicionamentos sobre o tratamento nutricional de transtornos alimentares, sendo a publicação mais recente datada de 2011 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. Desde sua primeira edição, a ADA tem enfatizado que “a intervenção nutricional, incluindo o aconselhamento nutricional realizado por um nutricionista registrado, é um componente essencial do tratamento em equipe de pacientes com anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa e outros transtornos alimentares, durante toda a avaliação e o tratamento, ao longo do continuum de cuidado” (p. 1236). A publicação delineia responsabilidades fundamentais dos nutricionistas no tratamento dos transtornos alimentares, como a realização de avaliações e intervenções nutricionais, o monitoramento do estado nutricional, a coordenação do cuidado e a aquisição de formação avançada em técnicas comportamentais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>].</p>
                <p>No contexto brasileiro, registros indicam que os transtornos alimentares passaram a ser abordados, pela primeira vez, no Ambulatório de Transtornos Alimentares e do Peso do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFM-USPRP), em 1982 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Publicações de Ribeiro et al. documentam o atendimento de 68 pacientes nessa instituição entre 1982 e 1997 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Rosane Pilot Pessa Ribeiro, nutricionista com doutorado pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Saúde Mental da HCFM-USPRP, defendeu sua tese intitulada “Indicadores de Hábitos Alimentares e Aspectos Cognitivos e Comportamentais Relacionados aos Transtornos Alimentares em Jovens do Sexo Feminino”, em 1999. Em colaboração com outros pesquisadores, ela já havia publicado artigos sobre aspectos psicopatológicos, demográficos, diagnósticos e clínicos da anorexia nervosa em 1988, bem como sobre o diagnóstico e o tratamento da anorexia nervosa e da bulimia em 1990 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>].</p>
                <p>Na Universidade de São Paulo, no âmbito do Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPq) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, foi criado em 1992 o Programa de Transtornos Alimentares, conhecido como AMBULIM. Inicialmente denominado Ambulatório de Bulimia e Transtornos Alimentares – daí a sigla [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>] –, o AMBULIM foi desenvolvido após o estágio do Prof. Dr. Táki Athanássios Cordás no Institute of Psychiatry, em Londres, sob a supervisão do Prof. Gerald Russell, em 1991. O trabalho de doutorado do Dr. Cordás, realizado no Brasil sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Valentim Gentil Filho, consistiu na adaptação do programa britânico de atendimento a transtornos alimentares para um modelo brasileiro. Essa adaptação possibilitou a integração do programa ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e contribuiu para o avanço das pesquisas na área [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p>
                <p>Desde sua criação, o AMBULIM conta com a participação de nutricionistas no cuidado aos pacientes, inclusive durante a hospitalização. Destaca-se a atuação de Maria Aparecida Larino, profissional contratada do Serviço de Alimentação e Nutrição do IPq, que tem contribuído de forma fundamental com sua expertise na equipe multidisciplinar. Ela continua a coordenar a assistência nutricional na Enfermaria de Transtornos Alimentares, que permanece sendo a única unidade especializada para internação de casos graves de transtornos alimentares no setor público no Brasil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>].</p>
                <p>O AMBULIM expandiu progressivamente seus atendimentos ambulatoriais, que inicialmente tinham como foco mulheres com bulimia e anorexia nervosa. Em 2001, foi criado o Programa de Atendimento, Ensino e Pesquisa em Transtornos Alimentares da Infância e Adolescência, grupo destinado ao atendimento de crianças e adolescentes com anorexia e bulimia nervosa. Em 2004, foi criado o Grupo de Estudo, Assistência e Pesquisa em Comer Compulsivo e Obesidade, voltado para mulheres com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e obesidade, e o Grupo de Atendimento para Homens com Transtornos Alimentares, voltado para homens com transtornos alimentares. Mais recentemente, em 2021, foi formado um novo grupo para atendimento de crianças com transtornos alimentares restritivos e evitativos. Ao longo dos anos, o AMBULIM já prestou atendimento a mais de 3.000 pacientes.</p>
                <p>Inicialmente coordenado pela nutricionista Marle Alvarenga com uma pequena equipe de profissionais, o programa cresceu significativamente. O curso do AMBULIM em Transtornos Alimentares é uma peça-chave na formação e qualificação de profissionais que atuam com esses pacientes. Lançado em 2006 como um programa de capacitação exclusivo para nutricionistas, o curso foi ampliado em 2017 para incluir componentes interdisciplinares, unificando-se aos cursos de psiquiatria e psicologia e tornando-se o Curso de Formação Interdisciplinar em Transtornos Alimentares. Desde 2008, o módulo de aconselhamento nutricional está sob a coordenação de Fernanda Pisciolaro e atualmente conta com cerca de 45 nutricionistas voluntários.</p>
                <p>O AMBULIM já ofereceu formação prática, aliada ao conhecimento técnico e científico, a mais de 150 nutricionistas que atuaram em seus ambulatórios e enfermarias ao longo dos seus 28 anos de existência [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Até o primeiro semestre de 2024, o Curso de Formação Interdisciplinar em Transtornos Alimentares já havia capacitado mais de 800 profissionais. Muitos desses profissionais atuam em centros de referência e oferecem atendimento especializado na rede privada. O curso possui carga horária de 400 horas, incluindo aulas teóricas, discussões ao vivo, estudos de caso e estágio com participação nas atividades assistenciais do AMBULIM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p>
                <p>Nesse contexto de pesquisa, Marle Alvarenga concluiu seus estudos de Mestrado e Doutorado avaliando pacientes no serviço especializado, tendo seus títulos obtidos em 1997 e 2001, respectivamente. Seus trabalhos resultaram em diversas publicações que detalham os achados obtidos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Adicionalmente, Karin Dunker ingressou no AMBULIM como nutricionista voluntária em 1995. Em 1996, iniciou sua pesquisa de Mestrado, com foco na identificação do risco de transtornos alimentares em adolescentes, o que levou à publicação do primeiro estudo sobre transtornos alimentares na Revista de Nutrição [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Dunker deu continuidade à sua trajetória acadêmica com uma tese de doutorado sobre o desenvolvimento de um programa de prevenção de transtornos alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] e com um projeto de pesquisa de pós-doutorado voltado à adaptação e implementação de um programa integrado de prevenção da obesidade e dos transtornos alimentares.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>].</p>
                <p>O Centro de Atendimento aos Transtornos Alimentares (PROATA), localizado em São Paulo, é outro serviço de destaque voltado ao tratamento, tendo sido criado em 1994. Ana Maria Roma, a primeira nutricionista a integrar o grupo, iniciou sua atuação em 2001. Desde então, aproximadamente 31 nutricionistas participaram de seus programas de formação. Dentre eles, destacam-se o Curso de Aperfeiçoamento Multiprofissional em Transtornos Alimentares, oferecido entre 2003 e 2014; a Formação Multiprofissional em TA, realizada entre 2018 e 2021; e, desde 2022, a Especialização Multiprofissional em Transtornos Alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>].</p>
                <p>Outros serviços pioneiros no Brasil no tratamento e estudo dos transtornos alimentares incluem o Grupo de Obesidade e Transtornos Alimentares (GOTA), no Rio de Janeiro. Fundado em 1991, o GOTA inicialmente tinha como foco a obesidade e, posteriormente, passou a abranger os transtornos alimentares, transformando-se, em 2016, no Serviço de Obesidade e Transtornos Alimentares. É importante destacar que esse serviço não contou com uma nutricionista pioneira em sua fundação [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. De modo semelhante, o Grupo de Estudo e Atendimento em TA do Rio Grande do Sul, que iniciou suas atividades em 1989, também começou sem a presença de uma nutricionista na equipe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>].</p>
                <p>Dado esse contexto, é possível perceber que relativamente poucas nutricionistas atuavam na área dos transtornos alimentares no Brasil por volta da década de 1990. Nos últimos anos, no entanto, houve avanços significativos. O Serviço de Obesidade e Transtornos Alimentares passou a oferecer formação especializada para nutricionistas e tem produzido publicações relevantes, especialmente sobre o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>].</p>
                <p>Com o passar do tempo, houve um crescente interesse pela formação e atuação profissional no estudo e tratamento dos transtornos alimentares. Essa tendência é corroborada por dados da Associação Brasileira de Transtornos Alimentares (AstralBr) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Desde 2020, a AstralBr tem catalogado grupos de tratamento, pesquisa e estudo, tornando as informações sobre os centros especializados em TA no Brasil visíveis e acessíveis em seu site.</p>
                <p>Atualmente, o Brasil conta com 53 grupos especializados em transtornos alimentares, dos quais 17 são públicos. Dentre esses centros, 41 oferecem serviços de tratamento, com atuação de nutricionistas em 27 deles. A presença de nutricionistas é significativa, com aproximadamente 110 profissionais compondo equipes multidisciplinares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Muitos desses nutricionistas foram formados por meio do AMBULIM e do PROATA. Além disso, desde 2015, a Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR) oferece uma especialização lato sensu em transtornos alimentares e obesidade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Esse curso está vinculado ao Programa Interdisciplinar de Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares e Obesidade (Pronutra), um serviço especializado e multiprofissional em funcionamento desde 2005.</p>
                <p>Este breve panorama histórico, que não tem a pretensão de constituir uma revisão abrangente de todos os serviços e nutricionistas atuantes na área, ilustra que diversos profissionais têm buscado cursos de extensão, especialização e formação em transtornos alimentares, além de realizarem pesquisas em diferentes níveis acadêmicos sobre o tema. Entre os trabalhos iniciais de destaque, estão publicações sobre transtornos alimentares disponíveis na SciELO desde 2002, como a edição especial da <italic>Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria</italic> sobre TA e o artigo “Terapia Nutricional na Anorexia e Bulimia Nervosa” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. Entre os primeiros artigos sobre o tratamento dos transtornos alimentares, destaca-se aquele de autoria de Karin Dunker, publicado nos <italic>Arquivos de Psiquiatria</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>].</p>
                <p>Outras pesquisas desenvolvidas por nutricionistas acadêmicos incluem estudos como o de Bosi et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], que investigaram comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares entre estudantes de Nutrição. Além disso, a <italic>Revista de Nutrição</italic> tem publicado artigos sobre diversos aspectos dos transtornos alimentares, como a prática de dietas e o desenvolvimento de TA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>], a presença de TA entre estudantes de Nutrição do sexo feminino [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>] e o tratamento da bulimia nervosa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>].</p>
                <p>A maioria dos estudos sobre comportamentos de risco na literatura nacional surgiu no final dos anos 2000 e início da década de 2010 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]. Na última década, as pesquisas passaram a focar cada vez mais na identificação de fatores de risco associados aos transtornos alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], na análise das atitudes alimentares de pacientes com TA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>] e na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>].</p>
                <p>No que se refere ao tratamento, as primeiras publicações nacionais sobre o tema foram capítulos em livros. Exemplos notáveis incluem “Terapia Nutricional nos Transtornos Alimentares”, presente no primeiro livro dedicado aos aspectos nutricionais dos TA, publicado em 2004 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>], e “Avaliação e Orientação Nutricional”, incluído em um guia médico sobre TA publicado em 2005 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. Com o tempo, outros livros sobre transtornos alimentares foram lançados, tornando-se referências importantes para pesquisas na área da Nutrição. Essas obras incluem descrições de pesquisas realizadas, protocolos de atendimento nutricional do AMBULIM e diretrizes voltadas à pesquisa e prevenção [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>].</p>
                <p>Este breve panorama, embora não constitua uma revisão exaustiva de todos os serviços e nutricionistas envolvidos na área, evidencia que muitos profissionais têm se engajado em cursos de extensão, especialização e formação em transtornos alimentares. Muitos também têm realizado disciplinas, pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado com foco nos TA. Apesar da escassez de dados específicos, é evidente que a prevalência dos transtornos alimentares no Brasil é superior às estimativas atuais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. Os centros públicos especializados estão sobrecarregados com a demanda, como demonstram as extensas listas de espera, e concentram-se majoritariamente nas regiões Sudeste e Sul do país. Somente no AMBULIM, há atualmente solicitações de avaliação e tratamento para 4.000 pacientes.</p>
                <p>Uma revisão sistemática publicada em 2022 revelou taxas específicas de prevalência de transtornos alimentares no Brasil. Para indivíduos entre 6 e 14 anos, a prevalência pontual de transtornos alimentares em geral foi de 0,4%. Além disso, a prevalência pontual foi de 0,7% para bulimia nervosa, 1,4% para transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e 6,2% para episódios recorrentes de compulsão alimentar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>].</p>
                <p>Dadas as particularidades e a gravidade dos transtornos alimentares, que exigem tratamento interprofissional especializado, há uma necessidade crítica de mais nutricionistas capacitados nessa área. Reconhecer profissionais pioneiros e consolidados é fundamental, especialmente diante da atuação de indivíduos que, de forma inadequada, se autodenominam “especialistas” após realizarem apenas cursos breves ou visitas técnicas especializadas. A resolução do CFN/Asbran [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] estabelece que “é vedado ao nutricionista que não possua o título apropriado, devidamente registrado no respectivo CRN, anunciar, divulgar ou se apresentar como especialista, podendo ser passível das penalidades previstas nas normas do CFN”.</p>
                <p>Atualmente, os critérios para concessão do título de especialista em transtornos alimentares pelo sistema CFN/Asbran ainda não estão definidos. No entanto, com base em nossa experiência histórica com centros de referência, prática clínica, pesquisa e ensino na área, recomendamos que apenas profissionais formados em centros consolidados vinculados a serviços de assistência, nos quais também possam realizar estágios supervisionados sejam considerados elegíveis ao título de especialista. É necessário reconhecer que, apesar da existência de diversos centros de atendimento a transtornos alimentares no Brasil, essa área de atuação ainda não pode ser considerada um campo profissional plenamente consolidado para nutricionistas. A maioria dos nutricionistas nesses centros atua como voluntário ou pesquisador não remunerado. Além disso, a necessidade de uma equipe multiprofissional integrada e altamente qualificada faz com que os programas de formação atuais sejam custosos, tornando o tratamento inacessível para a maior parte da população brasileira [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>].</p>
                <p>A literatura indica que indivíduos que apresentam comportamentos alimentares desordenados, mesmo em intensidades e gravidades menores, como fazer dietas restritivas, pular refeições, utilizar substitutos alimentares como suplementos ou shakes, tomar medicamentos para emagrecimento, praticar exercícios físicos em excesso, comer compulsivamente ou fumar com o intuito de emagrecer podem estar em risco de desenvolver um transtorno alimentar completo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>]. Uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise recente, envolvendo crianças e adolescentes de 16 países, encontrou uma taxa de prevalência de 22,36% de comportamentos alimentares desordenados. Segundo Wu et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>], esses comportamentos estão associados a pior saúde psicossocial e menor qualidade de vida entre os jovens. Esses dados são preocupantes do ponto de vista da saúde pública e ressaltam a urgência de contar com profissionais capacitados para identificar tais sintomas e prevenir a evolução para transtornos alimentares mais graves.</p>
                <p>O cuidado especializado é essencial em todos os cenários clínicos, mas torna-se particularmente crucial no contexto dos transtornos alimentares, a fim de garantir que nenhum dano seja causado. A literatura indica que intervenções realizadas por profissionais sem conhecimento ou experiência com TA podem ser prejudiciais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>]. Por exemplo, Loth et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>] destacam que profissionais que trabalham com crianças devem ter cautela ao enfatizar a perda de peso em casos de sobrepeso ou obesidade. Comentários centrados no peso podem diminuir a autoestima, aumentar o estigma relacionado ao peso e, consequentemente, elevar o risco de desenvolvimento de um transtorno alimentar. Além disso, pesquisas sugerem que a promoção de dietas restritivas por parte de profissionais, direcionadas a indivíduos em busca de emagrecimento, pode ser prejudicial, especialmente para aqueles em situação de risco.Tais recomendações alimentares podem precipitar o surgimento de um transtorno alimentar completo em pessoas predispostas e, no caso de indivíduos que já apresentam TA, prescrições restritivas podem agravar ou perpetuar os sintomas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>].</p>
                <p>Nesse contexto, é fundamental que os nutricionistas compreendam seu papel como influenciadores em temas relacionados à saúde, alimentação e peso corporal. No Brasil, as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCNs) dos cursos de Nutrição foram estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Educação desde 2001 (as diretrizes já foram atualizadas e aprovadas, mas ainda não publicadas pelo Conselho Nacional de Educação) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. Embora avanços tenham ocorrido e haja discussões constantes para a atualização dessas diretrizes, o conteúdo foca principalmente nas disciplinas obrigatórias, na duração e na carga horária dos cursos, além de algumas competências e habilidades exigidas. No entanto, uma porcentagem significativa do currículo ainda dá ênfase majoritária aos aspectos biológicos da Nutrição, evidenciando uma lacuna na formação humana e social dos nutricionistas no campo da saúde. Disciplinas como Psicologia, Antropologia e Sociologia da Nutrição deveriam estar presentes de maneira mais consistente, mas muitas vezes são oferecidas em períodos curtos e vistas como pouco atrativas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]. Infelizmente, os cursos de graduação em Nutrição costumam oferecer uma cobertura insuficiente dos transtornos alimentares, sem diretrizes padronizadas que exijam a inclusão desse tema. Quando o conteúdo sobre TA é abordado, geralmente carece de profundidade e especialização. Por isso, a formação especializada após a graduação torna-se essencial para quem deseja atuar na área.</p>
                <p>Ainda assim, todos os nutricionistas devem adotar uma postura preventiva frente aos transtornos alimentares, desafiar os padrões estéticos vigentes e se posicionar como especialistas em Nutrição, e não apenas como promotores da perda de peso [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>].</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>A atuação profissional de nutricionistas em saúde mental</title>
                <p>Reconhecendo o papel fundamental da nutrição na saúde mental, a <italic>American Dietetic Association</italic> (ADA) destacou, em 1989, a necessidade de os nutricionistas aprofundarem seus conhecimentos sobre como diferentes transtornos psiquiátricos podem impactar a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional. A ADA também enfatizou a importância de compreender os efeitos dos medicamentos psiquiátricos sobre o funcionamento gastrointestinal, o equilíbrio nutricional e a regulação do peso corporal. A publicação teve como objetivo oferecer uma visão preliminar aos nutricionistas, visto que, na época, a maioria dos textos sobre terapia nutricional apresentava informações limitadas sobre as condições psiquiátricas e seus tratamentos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                <p>O estudo ressalta que diversos transtornos psiquiátricos, como esquizofrenia, transtornos do humor, transtornos alimentares (TA) e uso de substâncias podem impactar significativamente a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional. É igualmente importante reconhecer que os medicamentos utilizados no tratamento dessas condições afetam o apetite e a função gastrointestinal, além de interagirem com alimentos e nutrientes. Por exemplo, antipsicóticos, antidepressivos e inibidores da monoaminoxidase podem causar boca seca, constipação intestinal e ganho de peso. O lítio pode provocar náuseas, vômitos, diarreia, polidipsia e ganho de peso. Os inibidores da monoaminoxidase são conhecidos por interagirem com alimentos que contêm tiramina, enquanto o lítio interage com sódio e cafeína; a diminuição da ingestão dietética dessas substâncias pode resultar em toxicidade por lítio, entre outros efeitos adversos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                <p>No Brasil, a formação de nutricionistas no contexto da saúde mental tradicionalmente ocorreu por meio da experiência prática em serviços psiquiátricos, muitas vezes sob a supervisão de psiquiatras e outros profissionais de saúde. Os cursos de graduação em Nutrição, em geral, concentram-se em doenças relacionadas aos sistemas cardiovascular, gastrointestinal e renal, com pouca ênfase nas doenças mentais – incluindo os transtornos alimentares. Historicamente, havia escassas informações sobre a terapia nutricional aplicada às condições psiquiátricas na formação clássica. Mesmo cursos de extensão e pós- graduação voltados especificamente a esse tema eram praticamente inexistentes até recentemente [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>].</p>
                <p>O Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPq) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) tem sido uma instituição de referência em Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental há mais de 60 anos, tanto no Brasil quanto na América do Sul. Nutricionistas têm atuado de forma integrada ao cuidado em saúde mental desde os primeiros anos da instituição. A primeira diretora do Serviço de Nutrição e Dietética do IPq foi a Dra. Arlete Guimarães Gonçalves, que exerceu o cargo de janeiro de 1965 a julho de 1981. A Dra. Arlete foi uma figura fundamental na área, sendo pioneira na implantação de programas de alimentação e nutrição para pacientes psiquiátricos. Ela realizou pesquisas relevantes e desenvolveu práticas clínicas que destacaram o papel essencial de uma alimentação adequada e equilibrada no tratamento de transtornos psiquiátricos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>].</p>
                <p>A atuação dos nutricionistas em saúde mental evoluiu de um foco inicial na influência dos alimentos sobre os estados emocionais para uma abordagem mais integrativa e especializada, que reconhece a nutrição como componente essencial no tratamento e na promoção do bem-estar mental. Desde 2019, o IPq oferece o curso “Atualização Multidisciplinar em Saúde Mental” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], voltado a profissionais de saúde que desejam aprofundar seus conhecimentos em saúde mental e psiquiatria. Até o momento, nove nutricionistas já concluíram essa formação. O curso oferece uma visão abrangente de temas relevantes para a prática clínica e a pesquisa, incluindo transtornos psiquiátricos, psicopatologia, psicofarmacologia, psicoterapia, abordagens terapêuticas e políticas de saúde mental, entre outros.</p>
                <p>No Brasil, alguns dos principais programas de residência multiprofissional em saúde mental são oferecidos pelas seguintes instituições: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade de Brasília [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>]. Nem todos os programas de residência multiprofissional em saúde mental no país incluem nutricionistas. A composição dessas residências pode variar conforme a instituição, suas políticas e objetivos específicos. A Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde Mental da Universidade de São Paulo está prevista para começar em 2025, com duas vagas destinadas a nutricionistas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>].</p>
                <p>Ainda assim, o papel da nutrição na psiquiatria tem ganhado reconhecimento crescente nos últimos anos. O artigo “Nutritional Medicine as a Focus in Psychiatry”, publicado em 2015 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>], discute as limitações do modelo farmacológico e o aumento da prevalência de problemas de saúde mental. Marx et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>] apresentam evidências da relação entre nutrição e a prevalência e incidência de transtornos mentais, destacando o papel de nutrientes específicos, como ácidos graxos ômega-3, S-adenosilmetionina, N- acetilcisteína, zinco, vitaminas do complexo B e vitamina D.</p>
                <p>Para além do campo da psiquiatria e da medicina em sentido estrito, outros especialistas e pesquisadores também têm explorado o tema. Logan e Jacka [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>], em um artigo na área da antropologia fisiológica, analisam como fatores físicos e culturais relacionados aos ambientes influenciam as capacidades adaptativas. Os autores destacam que a nutrição foi, por muito tempo, negligenciada nas discussões sobre saúde mental, ganhando destaque apenas recentemente com o surgimento da psiquiatria nutricional. Eles apontam desafios socioeconômicos e ambientais que dificultam a manutenção de uma alimentação favorável à saúde mental, como a expansão urbana, as mudanças climáticas, transformações culturais e tecnológicas, a industrialização e o ultraprocessamento global dos alimentos.</p>
                <p>A “psiquiatria nutricional” é definida como o campo de pesquisa e prática que se concentra no papel da alimentação na saúde mental e cerebral, com o objetivo de tratar e prevenir transtornos mentais. Esse campo investiga o impacto de nutrientes e padrões alimentares sobre a saúde mental [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>]. Uma busca no PubMed pelo termo “psiquiatria nutricional” em títulos e resumos revela um número relativamente pequeno de estudos, com publicações iniciadas em 2014 e aumento gradual na frequência a partir de 2019.</p>
                <p>O surgimento da psiquiatria nutricional ocorreu no âmbito da Psiquiatria, e não da Nutrição. Embora sua relevância seja reconhecida na literatura internacional da área de Nutrição, ela ainda não foi especificamente nomeada como uma área distinta de atuação por nutricionistas no que se refere ao cuidado em saúde mental. Com o aumento da prevalência dos transtornos mentais, tem havido uma elevação correspondente na demanda por atendimento e na probabilidade de que nutricionistas encontrem pacientes com condições psiquiátricas em contextos de cuidado nutricional. No Brasil, estima-se que a prevalência geral de transtornos mentais varie entre 17% e 35%, situando o país entre aqueles com as maiores taxas de ansiedade e depressão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>].</p>
                <p>Diante desse contexto, é imprescindível que os nutricionistas mantenham-se atualizados sobre as condições de saúde mental, seus efeitos, os medicamentos envolvidos e fatores correlatos. A atuação dos nutricionistas em saúde mental evoluiu de um foco inicial no impacto da alimentação sobre os estados emocionais para uma abordagem mais integrada e especializada. Essa perspectiva contemporânea reconhece a nutrição como componente essencial tanto no tratamento quanto na promoção do bem-estar mental. Profissionais de saúde mental, como nutricionistas especializados no tema, podem atuar em diversos contextos e locais. Entre eles, destacam-se: hospitais psiquiátricos; Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), que oferecem serviços comunitários de saúde mental com atendimento ambulatorial a pessoas com transtornos mentais graves e moderados; clínicas e consultórios particulares; centros de reabilitação psicossocial que oferecem programas de reabilitação e apoio a indivíduos com transtornos mentais; unidades básicas de saúde, que realizam atenção primária à saúde mental, incluindo avaliação e encaminhamento para tratamento especializado em casos de transtornos leves a moderados; além de instituições de ensino e pesquisa, entre outros.</p>
                <p>O artigo da ADA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>] destaca o papel significativo dos nutricionistas nas equipes multidisciplinares, especialmente na oferta de terapias de apoio e comportamentais. Ressalta que, em um contexto multi e interdisciplinar, nutricionistas especializados podem ser membros essenciais das equipes de saúde mental, reforçando, assim, a necessidade e o reconhecimento dessa área de especialidade.No entanto, a resolução do CFN/Asbran [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] ainda não definiu os critérios para a concessão do título de especialista em saúde mental para nutricionistas. É fundamental reconhecer as contribuições de profissionais com ampla experiência nesse campo, incluindo aqueles que realizaram residências multiprofissionais e estão capacitados para atuar em serviços especializados.</p>
                <p>Retomando o conceito de “psiquiatria nutricional”, a literatura indica que seu surgimento ocorreu aproximadamente no mesmo período da medicina do estilo de vida, que, nos Estados Unidos, é uma especialidade certificada reconhecida pelo American Board of Lifestyle Medicine. Nos últimos anos, essa área tem se expandido para outros continentes. Nos EUA, as origens da medicina do estilo de vida estão associadas ao Departamento de Lifestyle da Harvard Medical School, que também oferece um curso em “medicina culinária”. A abordagem terapêutica na medicina do estilo de vida baseia-se em seis pilares: alimentação saudável, atividade física, manejo do estresse, sono reparador, relações interpessoais e controle do uso de substâncias. O foco principal é utilizar técnicas motivacionais para abordar sistematicamente esses pilares. No Brasil, a medicina do estilo de vida ainda não é reconhecida oficialmente como especialidade médica pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina ou pela Associação Médica Brasileira, permanecendo como um movimento informal voltado à promoção da saúde e do bem-estar. Destaca-se, no entanto, a existência de uma obra brasileira intitulada <italic>Lifestyle Psychiatry</italic>, que aborda temas como atividade física, sono, relações saudáveis, manejo do estresse e nutrição [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>].</p>
                <p>Uma sociedade internacional dedicada ao avanço da pesquisa em psiquiatria nutricional foi criada em 2013. Essa organização publicou um posicionamento em 2015 com o objetivo de promover a pesquisa e a comunicação em medicina nutricional no campo da psiquiatria. A sociedade defende a inclusão de mudanças nutricionais baseadas em evidências como uma abordagem eficaz e de baixo custo para melhorar a saúde mental, além de serem consideradas parte fundamental de um modelo psiquiátrico integrativo que tenha a nutrição como elemento-chave [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]. Embora represente uma demanda relativamente recente dentro da psiquiatria, esse foco ampliado sobre o paciente é tanto lógico quanto necessário, dada a complexidade do ser humano. Pacientes psiquiátricos, como qualquer pessoa, requerem avaliação e tratamento que vão além das intervenções meramente farmacológicas. Como profissionais de saúde comprometidos com o cuidado integral, devemos considerar aspectos como atividade física, alimentação, sono e saúde mental, espiritual e social em nossa abordagem à saúde global.</p>
                <p>Embora a atenção à psiquiatria nutricional venha crescendo, é fundamental considerar o alerta feito pela ADA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]: apesar de algumas alegações em contrário, as grandes doenças psiquiátricas não podem ser curadas apenas com terapias nutricionais. Isso reforça a necessidade de evitar a medicalização excessiva dos alimentos. Grande parte das pesquisas e da literatura atual em psiquiatria nutricional discute o papel dos nutrientes em sistemas bioquímicos e vias metabólicas como se fossem capazes de promover curas milagrosas. Essa tendência também se reflete em algumas práticas de marketing, como títulos de livros que prometem, por exemplo, “curar o Alzheimer em 30 dias com alimentação” ou “proteger o cérebro”, “aumentar a felicidade e a produtividade” e até “turbinar o cérebro com a dieta da mente” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>]. Tais promessas não são exclusivas dessa área, mas fazem parte de um movimento mais amplo em publicações sobre saúde. É fundamental adotar uma postura crítica, especialmente ao avaliar quais nutricionistas estão devidamente qualificados para atuar na área da saúde mental. Apesar da existência de cursos multiprofissionais em “psiquiatria nutricional”, ainda não há parâmetros padronizados para essas formações. Soma-se a isso uma preocupação crescente: o fato de que alguns nutricionistas, especialmente nas redes sociais, têm promovido dietas supostamente indicadas para o tratamento de condições como depressão e ansiedade, sem o respaldo de evidências científicas consistentes.</p>
                <p>Pesquisadores da área de psiquiatria afirmam que o papel da alimentação na saúde mental vai além dos nutrientes e da dieta em si. É fundamental considerar as cognições afetivas relacionadas ao alimento e os mecanismos de recompensa, que podem estar desregulados em condições como a depressão. Embora uma alimentação pobre em nutrientes possa contribuir para diversos problemas de saúde, ainda não há evidências suficientes para afirmar de forma conclusiva que dietas ou suplementos específicos tenham impacto definitivo sobre a saúde mental. Existe uma preocupação significativa com a extrapolação das evidências na psiquiatria nutricional, o que reforça a necessidade de interpretar e apresentar os achados com cautela. A saúde, incluindo a saúde mental, é determinada por múltiplos fatores, e os dados epidemiológicos atuais apontam para uma associação entre nutrição e saúde mental. No entanto, é essencial reconhecer que esses estudos não estabelecem uma relação de causalidade, tampouco elucidam um mecanismo subjacente que vincule determinadas condições mentais exclusivamente à ingestão de nutrientes específicos. Há certo alarmismo em torno de estudos correlacionais que discutem o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua relação com transtornos mentais. Artigos sobre “psiquiatria nutricional” destacam a necessidade de estudos prospectivos e experimentais, rigorosamente desenhados, para esclarecer os caminhos causais. O corpo de evidências existente é predominantemente composto por estudos epidemiológicos e observacionais, e as associações identificadas não sustentam afirmações de causalidade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>].</p>
                <p>Ao discutir e orientar escolhas alimentares, é essencial considerar todo o contexto e todos os possíveis determinantes, especialmente no caso de indivíduos com condições psiquiátricas e de saúde mental. Em muitas situações clínicas, já não é suficiente simplesmente aconselhar: “coma isso porque é bom para aquilo”. Isso é particularmente verdadeiro para pacientes que enfrentam transtornos mentais. Muitas pessoas são afetadas por depressão grave, ansiedade e outros distúrbios cognitivos, de humor, sociais e emocionais. Essas condições impactam significativamente a motivação, a prontidão para mudanças e o comportamento alimentar. Frequentemente, indivíduos que enfrentam esses desafios podem até evitar o acompanhamento nutricional devido às dificuldades pessoais avassaladoras que enfrentam. Avançar na ciência da psiquiatria nutricional exige o desenvolvimento de estudos experimentais rigorosos e ensaios clínicos. Isso implica na adoção de metodologias robustas e na incorporação de múltiplas medidas biológicas, com o objetivo de alcançar uma compreensão mais abrangente e precisa dos mecanismos envolvidos. É fundamental elucidar os achados das pesquisas para identificar quais abordagens são eficazes para diferentes indivíduos, em distintas circunstâncias.</p>
                <p>Traduzir a relação entre alimentação e saúde mental para a prática clínica apresenta inúmeros desafios [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>]. É fundamental considerar fatores individuais, sociais e clínicos. Do ponto de vista social, os alimentos devem ser compreendidos como objetos complexos, influenciados por fatores culturais e econômicos, sendo necessário considerar cuidadosamente todos os determinantes que influenciam as escolhas alimentares. Clinicamente, deve-se levar em conta o possível impacto da alimentação sobre a função imunológica, o envolvimento da epigenética e o papel do eixo microbiota-intestino-cérebro. Apesar dos avanços significativos, muitos aspectos dessas relações ainda precisam ser explorados [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>]. Os aspectos sistêmicos envolvidos nas doenças psiquiátricas, como em todas as condições de saúde, exigem intervenções igualmente sistêmicas. É irreal afirmar que uma dieta ou alimento específico, isoladamente, seja capaz de curar ou resolver um conjunto complexo de sintomas. As ferramentas atualmente disponíveis para pesquisa muitas vezes não capturam toda a complexidade dos sistemas alimentares e dos comportamentos alimentares. Tais instrumentos, em geral, não abordam as múltiplas causas ou antecedentes relacionados aos comportamentos alimentares, o que exige cautela diante de abordagens sensacionalistas, reducionistas e enviesadas.</p>
                <p>Mesmo que o impacto de um nutriente ou padrão alimentar sobre a saúde mental seja comprovado, é fundamental reconhecer que a presença desses nutrientes na rotina alimentar de um indivíduo depende de seu repertório comportamental, ou seja, da capacidade de consumi-los regularmente. Artigos sobre psiquiatria nutricional destacam a importância de enfrentar barreiras governamentais e da formulação de políticas públicas relacionadas à produção de alimentos e ao acesso à alimentação. Tais políticas são essenciais para facilitar a adesão a dietas mais saudáveis e melhorar a qualidade de vida da população. Isso se torna ainda mais relevante diante da alta taxa de comorbidade entre doenças mentais e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, sendo a má saúde física um forte preditor de piores desfechos em saúde mental [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>].</p>
                <p>Nutricionistas devem avaliar, discutir e integrar fatores como uso de medicamentos, sono, atividade física e qualidade de vida geral em seus cuidados, para além da alimentação. Essa abordagem holística do cuidado vai além do que geralmente é contemplado nas formações especializadas. Por isso, nutricionistas com formação avançada e abrangente em psiquiatria nutricional têm maior potencial para oferecer um cuidado mais eficaz e individualizado a pacientes com transtornos mentais.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Conclusão</title>
            <p>A atuação de nutricionistas na área dos transtornos alimentares tem, no máximo, 30 anos período que coincide com a criação de serviços de atendimento e pesquisa sobre transtornos alimentares no Brasil. No campo da saúde mental, embora a importância da nutrição já seja reconhecida há bastante tempo, o protagonismo dos nutricionistas surgiu mais recentemente, sendo a expansão das residências multiprofissionais em saúde mental um desenvolvimento recente. Compreender a inserção histórica dos nutricionistas nessas áreas é fundamental para identificar as demandas do campo e assegurar uma formação mais abrangente e qualificada, especialmente diante do reconhecimento recente dessas duas áreas como potenciais especialidades da profissão pelo sistema CFN/ASBRAN.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p>
                    <bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Alvarenga MS, Dunker KLL, Lopes HCB, Pisciolaro F. Nutrição em saúde mental e transtornos alimentares. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240092. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092pt</ext-link>
                </p>
            </fn>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIER | 85 years of professional nutritionist pratice in Brazil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>The dietitian’s role in Mental Health and eating Disorders</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6922-2670</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Alvarenga</surname>
                        <given-names>Marle dos Santos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing–review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8686-7611</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Dunker</surname>
                        <given-names>Karin Louise Lenz</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing–review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6370-4548</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Lopes</surname>
                        <given-names>Helen Cristina Bittencourt</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing–review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0799-9644</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pisciolaro</surname>
                        <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing–review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff03">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff04">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Transtornos Alimentares (AMBULIM), Instituto de Psiquiatria. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c02"> Correspondence to: MS ALVARENGA. E-mail: <email>marlealv@usp.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>The aim of this historical, bibliographical and experience report is to provide an overview of the work of dietitians in Brazil with eating disorders and mental health – two areas that communicate, but have many particularities.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Methods</title>
                    <p>The first treatment centers for eating disorders and the work of dietitians in clinical practice and research are revisited, highlighting reference centers and pioneering publications. The possibilities for action and study in multi-professional mental health centers and residencies are reviewed, highlighting potential and care.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>In view of the new resolution by the Federal Council of Nutrition and the Brazilian Nutrition Association, which now recognizes eating disorders and mental health as specialties for dietitians, a critical discussion is held on the needs and concerns, which include adequate and ethical training.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>The history of the dietitian’s work with eating disorders and mental health should be considered, as well as the challenges and potential of working in these two proposed new specialities.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Eating disorders</kwd>
                <kwd>Mental health</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutritional counseling</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <sec sec-type="intro">
                <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
                <p>Eating Disorders (ED) are psychiatric conditions with diagnostic criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>], currently in its revised version DSM-5-TR [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>], and within the classification system of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>].</p>
                <p>Mental health can be defined as “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to his or her community” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>] This definition, provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1946, remains widely recognized and utilized as a foundational reference in the field of mental health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>].</p>
                <p>In accordance with the Federal Council of Nutrition (CFN) Resolution No. 689, dated May 4, 2021 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>], Nutrition in Mental Health and Nutrition in Eating Disorders are now officially recognized as specialties by the CFN and Regional Council of Nutrition Systems for academic and professional purposes.</p>
                <p>In this context, the present article aims to provide a historical, bibliographical and experience report overview of the work of dietitians in Brazil with eating disorders and mental health – two areas that communicate, but have many particularities. This examination will include a critical discussion on the necessity of these fields and the associated ethical considerations. As this special section commemorates 85 years of the work of dietitians in Brazil, the authors have conducted a comprehensive bibliographic review using databases such as PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Google Scholar. This review focused on articles published by dietitians concerning eating disorders. Additionally, the authors actively sought out documents and reports from dietitians working in reference centers for treatment and research, as well as articles related to dietitians in mental health and information on mental health residency programs in Brazil. The review of articles and documents carried out showed that studies on the subject are still scarce, justifying the relevance, timeliness and pertinence of the present study.</p>
                <p>This article is composed of two main sections that address two emerging specialties – Nutrition in Eating Disorders and Nutrition in Mental Health – by presenting historical accounts of professional practices, experiences, and publications. It ends with theoretical reflections on the future prospects in these fields.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>The dietitian’s professional role in eating disorders</title>
                    <p>The historical development of the classification of ED within the field of psychiatry reflects significant changes over time. The DSM was first proposed by the APA in 1952 to systematize various classifications that had existed in the United States since 1840. The initial DSM aimed to address the limitations of the existing mental disorder classifications included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-6), which were deemed unsatisfactory by American psychiatry. Following the publication of the DSM, the WHO revised the ICD-6 classification, but it still did not meet the expectations of American psychiatrists [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In 1968, both the APA and WHO released updated versions of their classifications: the ICD-8 and the DSM-II, respectively. At this time, both publications encompassed similar general categories [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>]. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were first included in the DSM-III, published in 1980, as well as in the ICD-9. Binge eating disorder was introduced for the first time in the DSM-IV in 1994, initially as a provisional category, and it was only included as a distinct clinical condition in the ICD-11 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>]. Over the years, both classification systems have undergone numerous updates and additions concerning eating disorders. Today, the DSM-5 and ICD-11 present similar representations of these disorders, a notable shift from the discrepancies found in earlier editions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>].</p>
                    <p>With this historical context of the emergence of diagnostic criteria, it becomes evident that interprofessional treatment for ED was not a recognized concept in the American context prior to the 1990s. The first treatment guideline addressing ED was published in 2000 by the APA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], followed by a second edition in 2002 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. The fourth edition of this guideline, which includes aspects of nutritional rehabilitation, was released in 2023 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In the context of American nutrition, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) has systematically published positions on nutritional treatment for ED, with the most recent publication dating from 2011 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. Since its initial release, the ADA has emphasized that “nutritional intervention, including nutrition counseling by a registered dietitian, is an essential component of team-based treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders, throughout assessment and treatment across the continuum of care” (p. 1236). The publication outlines fundamental responsibilities for dietitians in the treatment of ED, which include conducting nutritional assessments and interventions, monitoring nutritional status, coordinating care, and acquiring advanced training in behavioral techniques [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In the Brazilian context, records indicate that ED were first addressed at the Eating and Weight Disorders Outpatient Clinic at the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School on the Ribeirão Preto Campus (HCFM-USPRP) in 1982 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Publications by Ribeiro et al. document the treatment of 68 patients at this facility between 1982 and 1997 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Rosane Pilot Pessa Ribeiro, a dietitian with a PhD from the Postgraduate Program in Mental Health at HCFM-USPRP, defended her doctoral thesis titled “Indicators of Dietary Habits and Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects Related to Eating Disorders in Young Females” in 1999. In collaboration with other researchers, she had previously published articles on the psychopathological, demographic, diagnostic, and clinical aspects of anorexia nervosa in 1988, as well as on the diagnosis and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia in 1990 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>].</p>
                    <p>At the University of São Paulo, within the Institute of Psychiatry (IPq) at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine, the Eating Disorders Program, known as AMBULIM, was established in 1992. Initially named the Bulimia and Eating Disorders Outpatient Clinic – hence the abbreviation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>] – AMBULIM was developed following Prof. Dr. Táki Athanássios Cordás’s internship at the Institute of Psychiatry in London under the supervision of Prof. Gerald Russell in 1991. Dr. Cordás’s doctoral work in Brazil, supervised by Prof. Dr. Valentim Gentil Filho, involved adapting the London-based eating disorders care program to create a Brazilian model. This adaptation facilitated theintegration of the program into the Unified Health System (SUS) and supported the advancement of research in this field [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Since its inception, AMBULIM has included the participation of dietitians in patient care, including during hospitalization. Notably, Maria Aparecida Larino, a professional contracted from the IPq Food and Nutrition Service, has been instrumental in contributing her expertise to the multidisciplinary team. She continues to coordinate nutritional care within the Eating Disorders Ward, which remains the only specialized unit for the hospitalization of severe eating disorders within the public sector in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. AMBULIM has progressively expanded its outpatient care services beyond its initial focus on women with bulimia and anorexia nervosa. In 2001, it established Programme for Care, Teaching and Research into Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, a group dedicated to assisting children and adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. This was followed by the creation of Study, Care and Research Group into Binge Eating and Obesity in 2004 to address the needs of women with binge eating disorder and obesity, and Care Group for Men cith Eating Disorders to support men with eating disorders. More recently, in 2021, a new group was formed to assist children with restrictive and avoidant eating disorders. Over the years, AMBULIM has provided care to more than 3,000 patients. Initially coordinated by dietitian Marle Alvarenga with a small team of professionals, the program has grown significantly. AMBULIM’s course in Eating Disorders is pivotal in the training and qualification of professionals working with these patients. Initially launched in 2006 as a training program exclusively for dietitians, the course was expanded in 2017 to include interdisciplinary components, merging with psychiatry and psychology courses to become the Interdisciplinary Training Course in Eating Disorders. The nutrition counseling since 2008, has been managed by Fernanda Pisciolaro and now includes approximately 45 volunteer dietitians. AMBULIM has offered practical training combined with technical and scientific knowledge to over 150 dietitians who have worked in its outpatient clinics and wards throughout its 28 years of operatio[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. By the first half of 2024, the Interdisciplinary Training Course in Eating Disorders has trained over 800 professionals. Many of these individuals are employed in referral centers and offer specialized private care. The training program comprises 400 hours of coursework, including theoretical classes, live discussions, case studies, and an internship that involves participation in AMBULIM’s care activities [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In this research context, Marle Alvarenga completed her Master’s and Doctoral studies by evaluating patients within the specialized service, with her degrees conferred in 1997 and 2001, respectively. Her work resulted in several publications detailing her findings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Additionally, Karin Dunker joined AMBULIM as a volunteer dietitian 1995. In 1996, she began her Master’s research focusing on identifying the risk of ED in adolescents, which led to the publication of the first study on ED in the Revista de Nutrição [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Dunker further advanced her academic career with a doctoral dissertation on the development of a program to prevent eating disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] and a post-doctoral research project on the adaptation and implementation of an integrated prevention program for obesity and eating disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The Eating Disorders Care Center (PROATA), located in São Paulo, is another prominent treatment service established in 1994. Ana Maria Roma, the first nutritionist to join this group, began her involvement in 2001. Since then, approximately 31 nutritionists have participated in its training programs. These include the Multiprofessional Improvement Course in Eating Disorders, which was offered from 2003 to 2014; the Multiprofessional ED Training, available from 2018 to 2021; and, since 2022, the Multiprofessional Specialization in Eating Disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Other pioneering services in Brazil for the treatment and study of ED include the Grupo de Obesidade e Transtornos Alimentares (GOTA, Obesity and Eating Disorders Group) in Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1991, GOTA initially focused on obesity and later expanded to encompass ED, evolving into the Obesity and Eating Disorders Service in 2016. Notably, the service did not have a pioneering nutritionist at its inception [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Similarly, the TA Study and Assistance Group in Rio Grande do Sul, which began its activities in 1989, also started without a nutritionist on its team [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. Given this context, it is evident that relatively few nutritionists began working in the field of eating disorders in Brazil around the 1990s. In recent years, however, there has been significant progress. The Obesity and Eating Disorders Service has since offered specialized training for nutritionists and has produced important publications, particularly concerning binge eating disorder [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Over time, there has been increasing interest in the training and professional involvement in the study and treatment of ED. This trend is supported by data from the Brazilian Association of Eating Disorders (AstralBr) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Since 2020, AstralBr has been cataloging treatment, research, and study groups, making information about ED centers in Brazil both visible and accessible on its website.</p>
                    <p>As of now, Brazil hosts 53 specialized groups in eating disorders, of which 17 are public. Among these centers, 41 provide treatment services, with nutritionists involved in 27 of them. The presence of nutritionists is significant, with approximately 110 professionals contributing to multidisciplinary teams) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Many of these nutritionists have received training through AMBULIM and PROATA. Additionally, since 2015, the University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) has offered a lato sensu specialization course in eating disorders and obesity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. This course is associated with the Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program for Eating Disorders and Obesity (Pronutra), a specialized multidisciplinary service that has been operational since 2005.</p>
                    <p>This brief historical overview, which is not intended as a comprehensive review of all services and nutritionists in the field, illustrates that numerous professionals have pursued extension, specialization, and training courses in ED and have conducted research at various academic levels on the subject. Notable early works includepublications on ED available in SciELO since 2002, such as the special edition of the *Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry* on ED and the article “Nutritional Therapy in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. Among the earliest articles on ED treatment is one authored by Karin Dunker, published in *Arquivos de Psiquiatria* [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Further research by nutritionist scholars includes studies such as Bosi et al.’s [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> investigation of risk behaviors for ED among nutrition students. Additionally, the *Revista de Nutrição* has published articles on various aspects of ED, including the practice of diets and the development of ED [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>], ED among female nutrition students [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>], and the treatment of bulimia nervosa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Most studies on risk behaviors in the national literature emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]. Over the past decade, research has increasingly focused on identifying risk factors associated with ED [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], examining the eating attitudes of ED patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>], and exploring prevention strategies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Regarding treatment, the earliest national publications on the subject were chapters in books. Notable examples include “Nutritional Therapy for Eating Disorders,” featured in the first book dedicated to the nutritional aspects of ED, published in 2004 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>], and “Nutritional Assessment and Guidance”, included in a medical guide to ED published in 2005 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. Over time, additional books on ED have been released, serving as key references for research related to nutrition. These works include descriptions of research in the field, nutritional care protocols from AMBULIM, and guidelines for research and prevention [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>].</p>
                    <p>This brief overview, while not an exhaustive review of all services and nutritionists involved in the field, highlights that numerous professionals have engaged in extension, specialization, and training courses in ED. Many have also pursued coursework, master’s degrees, and doctoral studies focusing on ED. Although specific data are lacking, it is evident that the prevalence of ED in Brazil is higher than currently estimated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Specialized public centers are overwhelmed by demand, as indicated by extensive waiting lists, and these centers are predominantly located in the southeast and south of the country. At AMBULIM alone, there is currently a request for evaluation and treatment for 4,000 patients. A systematic review published in 2022 revealed specific prevalence rates for ED in Brazil. For individuals aged 6 to 14 years, the point prevalence of general ED was 0.4%. Furthermore, the point prevalence was 0.7% for bulimia nervosa, 1.4% for binge eating disorder, and 6.2% for recurrent binge eating episodes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. Given the particularities and severity of ED, which necessitate specialized interprofessional treatment, there is a critical need for more nutritionists trained in this area. Recognizing pioneering and well-established professionals is crucial, given that some individuals inaccurately label themselves as “specialists” after completing only brief courses or specialized visits. The CFN/Asbran [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] resolution stipulates that “It is forbidden for a nutritionist who does not hold the appropriate title duly registered with the respective CRN to advertise, announce, or present themselves as a specialist, and such a professional may be subject to penalties as outlined in CFN regulations”.</p>
                    <p>Currently, the criteria for awarding the title of specialist in eating disorders by the CFN/Asbran system remain undefined. However, based on our historical experience with reference centers, clinical practice, research, and teaching in the field, we recommend that only professionals trained in established centers linked to care services – where they can also complete supervised internships – should be considered eligible for the specialist title. It must be acknowledged that, despite the presence of numerous ED centers in Brazil, the field of ED treatment cannot yet be considered a fully established professionaldomain for nutritionists. The majority of nutritionists at these centers serve as volunteers or unpaid researchers. Furthermore, the necessity for an integrated and highly trained multidisciplinary team means that current training programs are costly, and as a result, treatment remains prohibitively expensive and inaccessible to most Brazilians [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The literature indicates that individuals exhibiting disordered eating behaviors, even at lower intensities and severities – such as engaging in dieting practices, skipping meals, using food substitutes like supplements or shakes, taking weight loss medications, exercising excessively, binge eating, or smoking to lose weight – may be at risk of developing a full-blown ED [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing children and adolescents from 16 countries found a 22.36% prevalence rate of disordered eating. According to Wu et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>], these behaviors are linked to poorer psychosocial health and reduced quality of life among young individuals. These statistics are concerning from a public health perspective and underscore the urgent need for professionals trained to identify such symptoms and prevent the progression to more severe eating disorders.</p>
                    <p>Specialist care is essential in all clinical scenarios, but it is particularly critical in the context of ED to ensure that no harm is done. The literature indicates that actions by professionals who lack knowledge or experience with ED can be detrimental [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>.] For example, Loth et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>] highlight that professionals working with children should be cautious about emphasizing weight loss for those who are overweight or obese. Comments focused on weight can diminish self-esteem, increase weight stigma, and subsequently elevate the risk of developing an ED. Additionally, research suggests that the promotion of restrictive diets by professionals for individuals seeking weight loss can be harmful, particularly for those at risk. Such dietary recommendations can precipitate the onset of a full-blown ED in predisposed individuals, and for those already with ED, restrictive prescriptions can exacerbate or sustain symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In this context, it is crucial for dietitians to understand their role as influencers regarding health, food, and body weight. In Brazil, national curriculum guidelines for Nutrition courses have been established by the Ministry of Education since 2001 (the guidelines have been updated and approved but have not yet been published by the National Council of Education) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. Although progress has been made and discussions occur regularly to update these guidelines, the content primarily focuses on mandatory subjects, duration, and workload, along with some of the required competencies and skills. However, a significant percentage of the curriculum still emphasizes mostly the biological aspects of nutrition, revealing a gap in the human and social training of nutritionists in health care. Subjects such as Psychology, Anthropology, and Sociology of Nutrition should be included but are often limited to a brief period and are perceived as less engaging [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]. Unfortunately, undergraduate nutrition programs often provide inadequate coverage of ED, with no standardized guidelines mandating the inclusion of this topic. When ED-related content is included, it frequently lacks depth and specialization. As a result, specialized training beyond graduation is essential for those who wish to work in this field.</p>
                    <p>Nevertheless, all dietitians should adopt a preventative approach to ED, challenge prevailing beauty standards, and position themselves as experts in nutrition rather than merely focusing on weight loss [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>].</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The professional role of dietitians in mental health</title>
                    <p>Recognizing the critical role of nutrition in mental health, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) highlighted in 1989 the necessity for dietitians to deepen their understanding of how various psychiatric disorders can impact food intake and nutritional status. The ADA also emphasized the importance of comprehending the effects of psychiatric medications on gastrointestinal function, nutritional balance, and weight regulation. The publication aimed to provide a preliminary overview for dietitians, as most nutritional therapy texts at that time offered limited information on psychiatric conditions and their treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                    <p>This study underscores that various psychiatric disorders – such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, eating disorders (ED), and substance abuse – can significantly impact food intake and nutritional status. It is also important to recognize that medications used to treat these conditions affect appetite and gastrointestinal function and interact with food and nutrients. For instance, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors may cause dry mouth, constipation, and weight gain. Lithium can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, and weight gain. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors are known to interact with foods containing tyramine, while lithium interacts with sodium and caffeine; decreased dietary intake of these substances can result in lithium toxicity, among other issues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In Brazil, training for dietitians in the context of mental health has traditionally occurred through practical experience within psychiatric services, often under the guidance of psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals. Undergraduate nutrition programs generally focus on diseases related to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal systems, with limited coverage of mental illnesses – including ED. Historically, there has been scant information on dietary therapy for psychiatric conditions within classical training. Even extension and postgraduate courses specifically addressing this subject were largely nonexistent until recently [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The IPq at the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo (USP) School of Medicine has been a leading institution in Psychiatry and Mental Health for over 60 years, both in Brazil and South America. Dietitians have been integral to mental health care since the institute’s early years. The first director of IPq’s Nutrition and Dietetics Service was Dr. Arlete Guimarães Gonçalves, who served from January 1965 to July 1981. Dr. Gonçalves was a pivotal figure in the field, pioneering the implementation of food and nutrition programs for psychiatric patients. She conducted significant research and developed clinical practices that underscored the critical role of adequate and balanced nutrition in the treatment of psychiatric disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The role of dietitians in mental health has evolved from an initial focus on the influence of food on emotional states to a more integrative and specialized approach that recognizes nutrition as a crucial component of treatment and the promotion of mental wellbeing. Since 2019, the IPq has been offering the “Multidisciplinary Update in Mental Health” course [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>], designed for healthcare professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of mental health and psychiatry. To date, nine dietitians have completed this training. The course provides a comprehensive overview of relevant topics in clinical practice and research, including psychiatric disorders, psychopathology, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, therapeutic approaches, and mental health policies, among others.</p>
                    <p>In Brazil, some of the leading programs in multiprofessional residencies in mental health include those offered by: the Federal University of São Paulo; the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; the State University of Campinas; the Federal University of Paraná; the Federal University of Minas Gerais; the Federal University of Santa Catarina; the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; and the University of Brasília [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>]. Not all multiprofessional residency programs in mental health in Brazil include dietitians. The composition of these residency programs can vary depending on the institution, its policies, and specific objectives. The Multiprofessional Residency in Mental Health at the University of São Paulo is scheduled to commence in 2025, with two vacancies allocated for dietitians [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Nevertheless, the role of nutrition in psychiatry has gained increasing recognition in recent years. The 2015 article “Nutritional Medicine as a Focus in Psychiatry” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>] discusses the limitations of the pharmacological model and the rising prevalence of mental health issues. Marx et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>] provide evidence of the relationship between nutrition and the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders, emphasizing the role of specific nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, S-adenosyl methionine, N-acetyl cysteine, zinc, B vitamins, and vitamin D.</p>
                    <p>Beyond the field of psychiatry and the broader medical domain, other specialists and researchers have also explored the subject. Logan and Jacka [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>], in their article on physiological anthropology, examine how physical and cultural factors related to environments influence adaptive capacities. They highlight that nutrition was long overlooked in discussions about mental health and only recently gained prominence with the emergence of nutritional psychiatry. The authors note potential socio-economic and environmental challenges to maintaining a diet that supports mental health, including urban sprawl, climate change, cultural and technological shifts, industrialization, and the global ultra-processing of food.</p>
                    <p>“Nutritional psychiatry” is defined as the field of research and practice that focuses on the role of diet in mental and brain health, aiming to treat and prevent mental health disorders. This field examines the impact of nutrients and dietary patterns on mental health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>]. A search of PubMed for “nutritional psychiatry” in titles and abstracts reveals a relatively small number of studies, with publications beginning in 2014 and increasing in frequency after 2019.</p>
                    <p>The emergence of nutritional psychiatry has occurred within the domain of Psychiatry rather than Nutrition. Although its significance is acknowledged within the international nutrition literature, it has not been specifically labeled as a distinct area of practice by dietitians concerning mental health care. With the increasing prevalence of mental health disorders, there has been a corresponding rise in the demand for and likelihood of encountering patients with psychiatric conditions in settings that provide nutritional care. In Brazil, the prevalence of general mental disorders is estimated to range from 17% to 35%, placing it among the countries with the highest rates of anxiety and depression [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Given this context, it is imperative for dietitians to remain updated on mental health conditions, their effects, medications, and related factors. The role of dietitians in mental health has evolved from an initial focus on the impact of diet on emotional states to a more integrated and specialized approach. This contemporary perspective recognizes nutrition as a crucial component of both treatment and the promotion of mental well-being. Mental health professionals, as dietitians specialized in the topic, could operate in various settings and locations. These include psychiatric hospitals; Psychosocial Care Centers – which provide community-based mental health services with outpatient treatment for individuals with severe and moderate mental disorders; clinics and private practices; psychosocial rehabilitation centers – that offer rehabilitation and support programs for individuals with mental disorders; basic health units, which deliver primary care mental health services such as assessment and referral for specialized treatment in cases of mild to moderate mental disorders; and teaching and research institutions, among others.</p>
                    <p>The ADA article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>] underscores the significant role of dietitians within multidisciplinary teams, particularly in providing supportive and behavioral therapies. It emphasizes that, within a multi- and interdisciplinary framework, specialized dietitians could be integral members of mental health teams, thereby reinforcing the need for and acknowledgment of this specialty area. However, the CFN/Asbran resolution [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>] has yet to define the criteria for awarding the title of specialist to mental health dietitians. It is essential to recognize the contributions of professionals who have extensive experience in this field, including those who have completed multi-professional residencies and are equipped to work in specialized services.</p>
                    <p>Returning to the concept of “nutritional psychiatry”, the literature indicates that its emergence occurred around the same time as lifestyle medicine, which, in the United States, is a certified specialty recognized by the American Board of Lifestyle Medicine. In recent years, this field has expanded to other continents. In the USA, the origins of lifestyle medicine are associated with the Lifestyle Department at Harvard Medical School, which also offers a course in “culinary medicine”, The treatment approach in lifestyle medicine centers on six pillars: healthy eating, physical activity, stress management, restful sleep, interpersonal relationships, and substance abuse control. The primary focus of lifestyle medicine is to employ motivational techniques to systematically address these pillars. In Brazil, lifestyle medicine has not been officially recognized as a medical specialty by the Federal Council of Medicine or the Brazilian Medical Association. It remains an informal movement that promotes health and well-being. Notably, there is a book in Brazil titled Lifestyle Psychiatry that explores topics related to physical activity, sleep, healthy relationships, stress management, and nutrition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>].</p>
                    <p>An International Society dedicated to advancing research in nutritional psychiatry was established in 2013. This organization published a position statement in 2015 with the objective of promoting research and communication in nutritional medicine within the field of psychiatry. The society advocates for the consideration of evidence-based nutritional changes as both an effective and cost-efficient approach to improving mental health, and as a fundamental component of an integrative psychiatric model that includes nutrition as a key element [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]. Although this represents a relatively new demand within psychiatry, an expanded focus on the patient is both logical and necessary, given the complexity of human beings. Psychiatric patients, like all individuals, require evaluation and treatment that extend beyond mere pharmacological interventions. As health professionals committed to comprehensive care, we must consider aspects such as physical activity, diet, sleep, and mental, spiritual, and social health in our approach to global health.</p>
                    <p>While attention has increasingly been directed towards the study of nutritional psychiatry, it is essential to acknowledge the cautionary note highlighted by the ADA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]: that despite claims to the contrary, major psychiatric illnesses cannot be cured by nutritional therapies alone. This underscores the need to avoid the over-medicalization of food. Much of the current research and literature in nutritional psychiatry often discuss the role of nutrients in biochemical systems and metabolic pathways as if they could achieve miraculous healing. This includes some marketing practices, such as books with titles like “Food That Solves Alzheimer’s in 30 Days” which promise to enhance cognitive function, happiness, and productivity by “protecting the brain”, or instruct on “turbo-charging the brain with the diet of the mind” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>]. Such claims are not unique to this field but are part of a broader trend in various health-related publications. It is crucial to exercise caution, particularly in determining which dietitians are qualified to specialize in mental health. While there are multi-professional courses available in “nutritional psychiatry”, there is currently a lack of standardized parameters for these programs. Additionally, it is concerning that some dietitians on social media are promoting diets purported to treat conditions like depression and anxiety, which may not be supported by robust scientific evidence.</p>
                    <p>Researchers in psychiatry assert that the role of food in mental health extends beyond the scope of nutrients and diet alone. It is crucial to consider affective cognitions related to food and reward mechanisms, which may be dysregulated in conditions such as depression. Although a nutritionally poor diet can contribute to various health issues, there is currently insufficient evidence to conclusively determine that specific diets or supplements will have a definitive impact on mental health. There is a significant concern regarding the extrapolation of evidence in nutritional psychiatry, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation and presentation of findings. Health, including mental health, is determined by multiple factors, and current epidemiological data highlight an association between nutrition and mental health. However, it is crucial to recognize that these studies do not establish a causal relationship or elucidate an underlying mechanism that links specific mental conditions exclusively to the intake of particular nutrients. There is a degree of alarmism surrounding correlational studies that discuss the consumption of ultra-processed foods and mental illness. Articles on “nutritional psychiatry” underscore the necessity for rigorously designed prospective and experimental studies to elucidate causal pathways. The existing body of research is predominantly epidemiological and observational, and the associations identified do not substantiate claims of causality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>].</p>
                    <p>When discussing and guiding food choices, it is essential to consider the entire context and all potential determinants, particularly for individuals with psychiatric and mental health conditions. In various clinical situations, it is no longer sufficient to simply advise, “eat this because it’s beneficial for that”. This is especially true for patients experiencing mental illness. Many individuals are affected by severe depression, anxiety, and other cognitive, mood, social, and emotional disturbances. These conditions significantly impact their motivation, readiness for change, and eating behavior. Often, individuals struggling with these issues may be reluctant to seek nutrition counseling due to their overwhelming personal challenges. Advancing the science of nutritional psychiatry requires progress through rigorous experimental studies and clinical trials. This involves employing robust methodologies and incorporating multiple biological measurements to achieve a more comprehensive and precise understanding of the mechanisms involved. It is crucial to elucidate research findings to determine which approaches are effective for different individuals in varying circumstances.</p>
                    <p>Translating the relationship between diet and mental health into clinical practice presents numerous challenges [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>]. It is essential to consider individual, social, and clinical factors. Socially, food must be understood as a complex object influenced by cultural and economic factors, and all determinants related to food choice must be carefully considered. Clinically, one must account for the potential impact of diet on immune function, the involvement of epigenetics, and the role of the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Despite significant progress, many aspects of these relationships remain to be explored [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>]. Systemic aspects involved in psychiatric illnesses, as with all health conditions, necessitate systemic interventions. It is unrealistic to suggest that a diet or specific food alone can cure or resolve a comprehensive array of symptoms. The tools currently available for research often fall short of capturing the complexity of food systems and eating behaviors. These tools typically do not address the multifaceted causes or antecedents related to eating behaviors, thus cautioning against sensationalism, reductionism, and bias.</p>
                    <p>Even if the impact of a nutrient or dietary pattern on mental health is demonstrated, it is crucial to recognize that the availability of such nutrients in an individual’s routine depends on their behavioral repertoire, which includes the regular consumption of these nutrients. Articles on nutritional psychiatry highlight the importance of addressing governmental barriers and the need for relevant policies regarding food production and access. Such policies are crucial to facilitate adherence to healthier diets and improve overall quality of life. This is particularly significant given the high rate of comorbidity between mental illness and chronic non-communicable diseases, with poor physical health being a strong predictor of poorer mental health outcomes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Dietitians must evaluate, discuss, and integrate factors such as medication, sleep, physical activity, and overall quality of life into their care alongside diet. This holistic approach to patient care extends beyond what is typically covered in specialized training. Therefore, dietitians with advanced and comprehensive training in nutritional psychiatry may provide more effective and individualized care for patients with mental health conditions.</p>
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                <title>CONCLUSION</title>
                <p>Dietitians have been involved in the field of eating disorders for no more than 30 years, a period that coincides with the establishment of eating disorder care and research services in Brazil. In the realm of mental health, while the importance of nutrition has long been acknowledged, the role of dietitians has emerged more recently, with the expansion of multi-professional residencies in mental health representing a recent development. Understanding the historical involvement of dietitians in these areas is crucial for identifying the needs of the field and ensuring more comprehensive and qualified training, especially in light of the recent recognition of these two areas as potential specialties for nutritionists by the CFN/ASBRAN system.</p>
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                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Alvarenga MS, Dunker KLL, Lopes HCB, Pisciolaro F. The dietitian’s role in Mental Health and eating Disorders. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240092. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240092en</ext-link>
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