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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rn</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Revista de Nutrição</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Nutr</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">1415-5273</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1678-9865</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184pt</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIÊ | 85 anos de atuação profissional do nutricionista no Brasil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Atuação do nutricionista em neurociência nutricional</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2256-7222</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Moreira</surname>
                        <given-names>Júlia Dubois</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0525-2867</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ceolin</surname>
                        <given-names>Gilciane</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9360-2622</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
                        <given-names>Letícia Carina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0106-0721</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Antunes</surname>
                        <given-names>Luciana da Conceição</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8726-8899</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Riege</surname>
                        <given-names>Débora Kurrle</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Nutrição</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Florianópolis</city>
                    <state>SC</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">University of British Columbia</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Vancouver</city>
                    <state>British Columbia</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="CA">Canadá</country>
                <institution content-type="original">University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canadá.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff03">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutrição</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Florianópolis</city>
                    <state>SC</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c01"> Correspondência para: JD MOREIRA. E-mail: <email>juliamoreira@gmail.com</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflitos de interesse</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>38</volume>
            <elocation-id>e240184</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>21</day>
                    <month>11</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>11</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>04</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>RESUMO</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objetivo</title>
                    <p>Discutir temas atuais da inserção do nutricionista na área da Neurociência Nutricional, abordando conceitos, as principais áreas de investigação e suas potencialidades, além das lacunas que necessitam de mais foco.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Métodos</title>
                    <p>Trata-se de um ensaio teórico e reflexivo, no qual se buscou basear a discussão focando nos principais tópicos de pesquisa em Neurociência Nutricional: comportamento alimentar e sua influência na saúde humana; a relação da Nutrição e do estado nutricional com a memória e os transtornos de humor; aspectos nutricionais envolvidos nos transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento; nutrição no tratamento de doenças neurológicas e epilepsia. A discussão foi amparada por artigos científicos da área, diretrizes e protocolos clínicos fornecidos por agências especialistas em Alimentação e Nutrição e em cuidados médicos.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Resultados</title>
                    <p>O campo de investigação que estuda a relação entre as funções cerebrais e a alimentação e nutrição denominado Neurociência Nutricional tem por objetivo ampliar o entendimento sobre a relação entre aspectos do consumo alimentar, o aporte nutricional e a função cerebral, bem como suas implicações em processos considerados normais/homeostáticos e sua influência na saúde cerebral e em processos neurobiológicos e patológicos. Nesse artigo reflexivo, abordamos aspectos do comportamento alimentar, papel da nutrição em transtornos psiquiátricos e do neurodesenvolvimento, memória e doenças neurológicas, as áreas mais proeminentes e promissoras no momento.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusão</title>
                    <p>A Neurociência Nutricional vem se consolidando como uma área promissora para a atuação do nutricionista na pesquisa e na prática profissional. Fortalecer as bases curriculares de formação e treinamento do nutricionista, considerando as melhores evidências na área, é fundamental.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Alimentação</kwd>
                <kwd>Comportamento alimentar</kwd>
                <kwd>Neurociências</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutrição</kwd>
                <kwd>Psiquiatria</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
                    <award-id>403126/2023-1</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) – Chamada Universal (processo nº 403126/2023-1).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
            <p>A alimentação é uma ação necessária à existência humana, sendo considerado um processo consciente de busca por alimentos que promovam saciedade individual, que tragam bem-estar físico e emocional e que deem condições para a vida em sociedade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>]. Sinais são enviados do cérebro para os órgãos periféricos para que se busque alimentos de forma a prover as necessidades orgânicas de energia e nutrientes necessários à manutenção da vida. Da mesma forma, sinais são enviados da periferia para o Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) de forma a coordenar reações químicas e liberação de neurotransmissores para a manutenção da atividade e função cerebral de forma coordenada [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>]. Nesta perspectiva, da “conversa bidirecional” entre o SNC e os sistemas periféricos, nasce a Neurociência Nutricional (NN). NN é o termo utilizado para um campo de investigação científica que estuda os efeitos dos componentes da dieta, como proteínas, carboidratos, gorduras e suplementos, incluindo fitonutrientes, no sistema nervoso central e periférico, na neuroquímica, na neurobiologia, comportamento e cognição de indivíduos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. Alguns autores começaram a utilizar o termo “neuronutrição” como parte da NN para salientar a relação entre a saúde do cérebro e a função cognitiva por meio da influência alimentar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>]. O termo neuronutrição tem sido usado não apenas para a investigação de dietas, mas também o uso de vários nutrientes para prevenir e tratar distúrbios do sistema nervoso central e periférico [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>]. Desta forma, a NN tem por objetivo gerar evidências da relação entre aspectos relativos ao consumo alimentar, a qualidade/quantidade do que se ingere, e a função cerebral, suas implicações em processos considerados normais/homeostáticos, bem como sua influência na saúde cerebral e em processos patológicos. Da mesma forma, a NN também pretende verificar de que forma a alimentação e nutrição podem promover o bem-estar e a saúde mental/cerebral dos indivíduos, atuando na prevenção e no tratamento de doenças metabólicas, neurológicas, neuropsiquiátricas e transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Mais recentemente, foi cunhado o termo Psiquiatria Nutricional (PN) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>], o qual designa uma área de investigação científica que pretende estudar de que forma uma alimentação classificada como “não saudável” influencia na exacerbação de transtornos psiquiátricos, como nos transtornos de humor e transtornos de ansiedade, e como a adesão a hábitos alimentares saudáveis e o consumo de determinados nutrientes pode impactar e contribuir para o tratamento de tais transtornos.</p>
            <p>Apesar de já existir há mais de 100 anos – se considerarmos as primeiras evidências dos efeitos da dieta cetogênica sobre a redução de crises epilépticas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] – parece que somente nos últimos 15 anos é que a NN chamou a atenção dos profissionais nutricionistas de forma mais consistente. Aspectos comportamentais do tratamento nutricional têm se beneficiado de descobertas feitas pela neurociência, o que aproximou os profissionais da área para olharem melhor sobre o funcionamento do cérebro e sua relação com as escolhas alimentares e a saúde do ser humano, de forma a contribuir no tratamento de indivíduos acometidos com doenças crônicas. Da mesma forma, publicações têm sido feitas sobre o efeito de determinados nutrientes e seu possível uso no tratamento de doenças/transtornos que envolvem SNC. E, mais recentemente, a redescoberta da relação íntima entre o sistema digestório, mais especificamente o intestino, e a função cerebral – o chamado eixo-intestino cérebro [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>] – parece ter finalmente trazido o cérebro para as rodas de conversa e eventos científicos da área da Nutrição.</p>
            <p>No Brasil, apesar de vermos muitos cursos, livros e profissionais evidenciando a sua atuação nessas áreas, cabe salientar que tanto a NN como a PN ainda não são formalmente especialidades de atuação do nutricionista [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Até o momento, não foram localizados dados sobre a atuação do nutricionista em NN ou PN no Brasil, possivelmente por essas áreas não comporem o rol de especialidades do Nutricionista, conforme a resolução nº 689, de 4 de maio de 2021, que regulamenta o reconhecimento de especialidades em Nutrição e o registro no âmbito do Sistema dos Conselhos Federal e Regional de Nutrição, de títulos de especialista de nutricionistas. A resolução estabelece diversas áreas de especialidade, sendo opções os títulos de especialista “XXVI – Nutrição em Saúde Mental” e “XXVII – Nutrição em Transtornos Alimentares”, os quais não englobam a totalidade de possibilidades envolvidas nas áreas de NN e PN. Com exceção dessas duas especialidades, a atuação do Nutricionista em NN e PN acaba por ficar a cargo dos profissionais que exercem cuidados em Nutrição Clínica propriamente dita, área na qual o nutricionista é o responsável por diagnosticar o estado nutricional, prescrever dietas e cardápios que visem a manutenção da saúde e/ou a recuperação nutricional, além de estratégias de educação nutricional apropriadas às demandas de saúde de cada indivíduo, conforme prevê a Resolução do CFN nº 600, de 25 de fevereiro de 2018, que dispõe sobre a definição das áreas de atuação do nutricionista e suas atribuições, indica parâmetros numéricos mínimos de referência, por área de atuação, para a efetividade dos serviços prestados à sociedade. Também nessa resolução, a área de saúde mental não é citada como possível área de atuação.</p>
            <p>A NN e PN são consideradas áreas de investigação científica, as quais pretendem contribuir para a ampliação do olhar dos profissionais de saúde acerca da relação entre a alimentação e nutrição com a saúde e a atenção ao paciente, tendo como foco o SNC. Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir temas atuais da inserção do profissional Nutricionista na área da Neurociência Nutricional, abordando alguns conceitos, as principais áreas de investigação e suas potencialidades, além das lacunas no conhecimento que necessitam de mais foco. Para tal, apresentaremos brevemente algumas das principais temáticas de investigação e sua contribuição para a área da Alimentação e Nutrição e para a prática do profissional nutricionista. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico e reflexivo, no qual se buscou basear a discussão da temática focando nos principais tópicos de pesquisa em Neurociência Nutricional, tais como: comportamento alimentar e sua influência na saúde humana; a relação da Nutrição e do estado nutricional com a memória e os transtornos de humor; aspectos nutricionais envolvidos nos transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento; e o papel da Nutrição no tratamento de doenças neurológicas e epilepsia. Para tal, a discussão foi amparada por artigos científicos da área, para os quais foi feita uma busca não sistematizada, suficiente para amparar as evidências da literatura sem ser exaustiva, buscando incluir autores nacionais e internacionais. Também foram incluídos protocolos clínicos e diretrizes fornecidos por agências especialistas em Alimentação e Nutrição e em cuidados médicos.</p>
            <sec>
                <title>O papel do comportamento alimentar na alimentação e nutrição</title>
                <p>A capacidade de um organismo de sentir suas necessidades fisiológicas, chamada de interocepção [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], e posteriormente motivar comportamentos para garantir os recursos necessários à sobrevivência, é essencial para manter os sistemas orgânicos e para desfrutar da qualidade de vida, incluindo saúde mental e física, e para evitar doenças. Numerosos sinais evoluíram para regular o comportamento alimentar, que refletem os muitos papéis e funções essenciais da alimentação e da nutrição na sustentação da vida humana em todos os níveis de organização biológica e social [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]. O comportamento alimentar e a tomada de decisões relacionadas à alimentação envolvem mecanismos neurobiológicos complexos. Estudos recentes sobre a neurociência do comportamento alimentar, realizados tanto em seres humanos como em modelos animais, observam que a capacidade individual de tomar decisões alimentares que promovam o bem-estar envolvem diversas vertentes, como: a variação biológica e fisiológica nas vias de sinalização que regulam as funções homeostáticas, hedônicas e executivas; o ambiente alimentar; as exposições individuas durante os estágio da vida; e complicações de doenças crônicas, como a obesidade e suas comorbidades [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p>
                <p>Em linhas gerais, a alimentação é influenciada por sinais homeostáticos, que são fatores fisiologicamente orientados, e hedônicos, que são fatores orientados por uma possível “recompensa” e busca por prazer. Tais fatores envolvem a intercomunicação entre o cérebro e os órgãos periféricos, sendo gerenciados por meio de funções executivas associadas ao processo de tomada de decisão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. O apetite e o consumo de alimentos podem ser hiperestimulados por um ambiente alimentar que facilita a recompensa alimentar, o que pode acarretar excesso de consumo de alimentos e energia por parte dos indivíduos. Por outro lado, a disfunção biológica nas vias reguladoras do apetite pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças relacionadas à alimentação, como a obesidade e os transtornos alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. Dessa forma, existe uma comunicação permanente entre vias alimentares homeostáticas fisiológicas e hedônicas. Apesar da regulação homeostática do peso corporal requerer um equilíbrio entre a ingestão de energia e o gasto de energia impulsionado pelas necessidades fisiológicas individuais, o controle hedônico exerce grande influência no comportamento alimentar, pois se relaciona às motivações de prazer e recompensa gerados pelo alimento que vai ser ingerido. Os sinais responsáveis pelo controle homeostático do equilíbrio energético dependem de sinais fisiológicos da periferia, por meio da liberação de hormônios e substâncias produzidos pelos órgãos, e sua sinalização cerebral no rombencéfalo e no hipotálamo, principalmente. O controle hedônico do apetite envolve regiões corticais e subcorticais do cérebro e é influenciado pelas propriedades desejáveis de alimentos individuais, bem como pela intensidade e frequência da exposição de um indivíduo a vários ambientes alimentares e sinais associados [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. No entanto, a decisão de iniciar a alimentação e o que vai ser ingerido perpassa também o controle de funções executivas, as quais perpassam o sistema córtico-límbico, incluindo o córtex pré-frontal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]. Com base na totalidade das informações recebidas dos sistemas sensoriais (visual, olfativo, gustativo e auditivo), sinais homeostáticos, viscerais, de nutrientes, motivação relacionada à recompensa alimentar, percepção de pistas ambientais sobre alimentos, além de fatores fisiopatológicos (quando presentes), o comportamento alimentar se molda para se adaptar ao ambiente.</p>
                <p>Entender essa complexidade é fundamental para que estratégias de tratamento para as doenças associadas ao comportamento alimentar disfuncional, como os transtornos alimentares e a obesidade, sejam compreendidas em sua totalidade e implementadas em prol de uma nutrição mais humana e de estratégias de enfrentamento mais efetivas, promovendo o avanço das ciências nutricionais e da saúde pública. A educação alimentar e nutricional é um aspecto importante da formação e da atuação do nutricionista. Quando aliada às evidências neurocientíficas sobre o comportamento alimentar humano, bem como aos aspectos fisiopatológicos dos transtornos alimentares e doenças crônicas, a atuação do nutricionista pode gerar tratamentos mais eficazes para o enfrentamento de tais problemas de saúde [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. Mais recentemente, o avanço no tratamento farmacológico da obesidade com agonistas GLP-1 vem fomentando a discussão sobre o papel do nutricionista nesse novo contexto [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. Novas modalidades de atendimento nutricional às pessoas que vivem com obesidade, os quais unem aspectos da psicologia ao cuidado nutricional, vem sendo propostas para que se possa atender mais e melhor tais pacientes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>], sem incorrer em abordagens que fomentem estereótipos e preconceito no âmbito do cuidado [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>].</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>O papel da alimentação e nutrição na memória</title>
                <p>A relação entre cognição, memória e nutrição é uma via de mão dupla: aspectos da memória influenciam a ingestão energética e de nutrientes, ao mesmo tempo em que o estado nutricional afeta os processos cognitivos. O tratamento de doenças que comprometem a memória, como demências e doenças neurodegenerativas (particularmente o Alzheimer), tem sido um foco importante de estudo, investigando tanto o papel do estado nutricional quanto os potenciais efeitos protetores de certos nutrientes nesses processos.</p>
                <p>A obesidade é um fator de risco bem estabelecido para o comprometimento cognitivo, acidente vascular cerebral, doença de Alzheimer e demência vascular [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. As diretrizes clínicas atuais para a prevenção da demência consideram a obesidade um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Um estudo de meta-análise com mais de 1 milhão de pessoas demonstrou que o excesso de peso é um fator de risco significativo para o diagnóstico de demência [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Os resultados mostraram que um aumento de 5 kg/m² no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) está associado a um risco de demência de 0,71 (IC 95% = 0,66–0,77) quando o IMC foi avaliado 10 anos antes do diagnóstico, 0,94 (0,89–0,99) quando avaliado entre 10 e 20 anos antes, e 1,16 (1,05–1,27) quando avaliado mais de 20 anos antes do diagnóstico. Essa associação provavelmente reflete dois processos distintos: um efeito prejudicial do IMC mais elevado, que se manifesta em acompanhamentos de longo prazo, e um efeito de causalidade reversa, em que um IMC mais alto parece ser protetor em acompanhamentos curtos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p>
                <p>No campo da nutrição, um tema amplamente estudado é o impacto da qualidade da dieta na cognição e na memória. As evidências indicam uma associação entre a qualidade alimentar e o desempenho cognitivo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. Estudos que analisam padrões alimentares e a frequência de consumo de alimentos específicos (como bebidas açucaradas e ‘<italic>junk food</italic>’) mostram uma relação entre esses hábitos e aspectos da cognição e memória [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Mesmo na ausência de obesidade, dietas ricas em alimentos ultraprocessados e pobres em polifenóis, antioxidantes e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 têm sido associadas a alterações na memória [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. O padrão de dieta mediterrâneo tem sido associado a um menor declínio na função cognitiva, podendo ajudar a reduzir a incidência de demência. Em contraste, dietas de padrão ocidental estão ligadas a um maior declínio cognitivo e podem aumentar o risco de demência [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]. Algumas pesquisas, como o estudo de Hallböök et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], apontam as dietas cetogênicas como potenciais neuroprotetores. Estudos mais recentes também sugerem que a adesão à dieta de saúde planetária – um padrão alimentar global que prioriza alimentos de origem vegetal e limita o consumo de produtos de origem animal, grãos refinados, açúcares adicionados e gorduras não saudáveis – está associada a um declínio mais lento da memória e da cognição global [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. No entanto, identificar associações precisas em estudos com humanos pode ser desafiador pois raramente é possível controlar rigorosamente a dieta dos participantes, o que torna a medição direta dos nutrientes complexa e cara, muitas vezes exigindo coleta de sangue ou suplementação. Como alternativa, a maioria dos estudos sobre o impacto da dieta na cognição utiliza questionários de frequência alimentar, que se baseiam no autorrelato para avaliar a frequência e quantidade relativa de alimentos específicos consumidos em um período determinado. Contudo, é importante observar que medidas de ingestão alimentar dependentes de memória podem apresentar limitação ao avaliar o impacto da dieta na memória, particularmente ao considerar a recordação do que foi consumido [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>].</p>
                <p>Muitas evidências sobre o impacto da dieta na memória e cognição concentram-se na neurodegeneração e na perda de memória relacionada à idade. No entanto, um número crescente de estudos com adultos jovens e saudáveis também demonstrou correlações negativas entre o consumo autorrelatado de gordura e açúcar e o desempenho em testes de memória. Outro aspecto explorado nos estudos de nutrição é como a memória pode influenciar a ingestão energética e de nutrientes. As primeiras evidências de que a memória desempenha um papel no controle do apetite humano surgiram a partir de observações de pacientes com amnésia. Esses pacientes, incapazes de lembrar o que comeram, frequentemente apresentam distúrbios no apetite. Hebben et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], em 1985, foram os primeiros a notar que o famoso paciente amnésico H.M., que sofreu perda de memória após uma cirurgia cerebral para tratar sua epilepsia, raramente mencionava sentir fome ou sede, mesmo após longos períodos sem se alimentar ou beber. O estudo da cognição e da memória na regulação do consumo é particularmente relevante, dada a crescente evidência de que a obesidade está associada a déficits cognitivos.</p>
                <p>Ainda não há evidências robustas de condutas nutricionais específicas para a recuperação cognitiva de indivíduos. No entanto, o nutricionista tem um papel importante no auxílio à formação de uma rotina alimentar estruturada, visando o consumo de nutrientes de forma adequada e equilibrada na perspectiva de hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis, os quais possuem relação com melhores desfechos em saúde mental de forma geral.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>O papel da alimentação e nutrição nos transtornos de humor</title>
                <p>Em relação aos estudos envolvendo a nutrição e os transtornos de humor – incluindo o transtorno depressivo maior e o transtorno bipolar – tem sido investigado tanto a associação com nutrientes como dietas específicas, como forma de prevenção e possível tratamento adjuvante/intervenção pelas possíveis propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias, redução do estresse oxidativo, a inflamação persistente de baixo grau, a função mitocondrial e a atividade do sistema imunológico geralmente associados aos transtornos de humor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]. Nutrientes como ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 e vitamina D são os mais estudados em relação a depressão pelo seu possível papel na redução em marcadores inflamatórios e interação com serotonina e dopamina, entre outros mecanismos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]. Em relação ao transtorno bipolar, há poucos estudos relatando os efeitos da alimentação e nutrientes sobre os estados de humor. Uma recente revisão discutiu as possíveis potencialidades da dieta e nutrientes como ácidos graxos ômega-3, vitamina C, E, e zinco com a redução de sintomas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. Outros nutrientes como vitaminas do complexo B, antioxidantes, aminoácidos como o triptofano e alguns fitoterápicos, estão sendo estudados para o manejo de sintomas em pessoas com transtornos de humor; porém ainda carecem de estudos mais robustos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>].</p>
                <p>Em relação aos estudos de padrões alimentares, existem diferentes vertentes relacionando os transtornos de humor tanto a uma alimentação considerada ‘não saudável’, como dietas consideradas ‘saudáveis’ [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]. Uma alimentação caracterizada por baixa ingestão de frutas, vegetais (pouca fonte de fibra) e pela ingestão de quantidades significativas de alimentos processados, grãos refinados, açúcar, aditivos artificiais foi associada a um risco aumentado de sintomas depressivos em indivíduos sem depressão prévia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>]. Além disso, o consumo de dietas ocidentais e consideradas de “alto índice inflamatório” tem sido associado a uma maior gravidade dos sintomas depressivos em indivíduos com transtornos de humor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. Em pessoas com transtorno bipolar de um estudo de coorte, a melhora da qualidade da alimentação foi associada à melhoria do padrão da microbiota intestinal, o qual foi associado com um possível fator de melhora de sintomas do transtorno bipolar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. No entanto, ainda são escassos estudos de intervenção dietética em pessoas com transtorno bipolar.</p>
                <p>Seguindo a perspectiva de uma alimentação considerada saudável, estudos observacionais também têm evidenciado que uma maior ingestão de frutas e vegetais foi associada a redução do risco de depressão em adultos e em idosos (&gt;65 anos) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. Já estudos relacionando a dieta vegetariana e vegana à depressão e ao transtorno bipolar têm demostrado possíveis efeitos protetores para sintomas severos; porém, muitos estudos não avaliam a qualidade de tais dietas em termos de nutrientes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>]. Estudos clínicos com foco em diferentes tipos de intervenções dietéticas – tendo em comum a redução de alimentos ricos em gordura e açúcar e substituindo por alimentos com mais fibras e com redução de gordura – no geral mostraram redução em sintomas depressivos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>]. Em estudos clínicos têm investigado efeitos da dieta cetogênica na depressão e no transtorno bipolar, a qual ainda necessita de mais investigação para tal aplicação clínica considerando os potenciais riscos inerentes ao protocolo, pois os estudos são de pequeno porte [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. Estudos clínicos com dieta Mediterrânea ou com melhora na qualidade dieta de maneira geral, também tem encontrado um possível efeito na redução de sintomas depressivos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>].</p>
                <p>Uma alimentação saudável e equilibrada é preconizada como adjuvante no tratamento dos transtornos de humor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>], para a qual o nutricionista tem papel central na orientação e auxilio na organização da rotina alimentar dos indivíduos acometidos, na prevenção de deficiências nutricionais e recuperação do estado nutricional quando necessário. Aliada ao uso de medicamentos e terapias, a alimentação, além de possuir nutrientes essenciais ao bom funcionamento cerebral e do organismo como um todo, auxilia na organização da rotina dos pacientes e sua participação da vida social, contribuindo para as atividades relacionadas ao bem-estar.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>O papel da alimentação e nutrição nos transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento: Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH)</title>
                <p>Nos últimos anos, com o aumento nos diagnósticos de transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento, como o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), aliado à veiculação de informações sobre a temática em redes sociais e veículos da grande mídia, popularizou-se a propagação de informações sobre os hábitos e comportamentos associados à alimentação envolvendo esses dois transtornos, especialmente em crianças com TEA. Ambos são transtornos com alto componente genético e hereditário em sua gênese (98% dos casos), sendo as causas ambientais menos prevalentes, podendo chegar a 35% de comorbidade entre si [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>]. Apesar das manifestações clínicas e neurológicas serem distintas, TEA e TDAH compartilham sinais e sintomas semelhantes, como disfunção executiva, hiperfoco, sensibilidade ao ambiente e maior percepção sensorial a estímulos, o que pode levar a comportamentos como inquietação (os chamados stims no TEA, e a hiperatividade no TDAH), baixo limiar à frustração, ansiedade e comportamentos evitativos que se assemelham à procrastinação [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>]. Tanto TEA como TDAH podem apresentar diferentes intensidades de manifestação de seus sinais e sintomas, que são nomeados níveis de suporte no TEA (níveis 1, 2 e 3) e níveis de gravidade no TDAH (leve, moderado e grave) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. Atualmente, tanto TEA como TDAH não são consideradas doenças, mas sim um espectro de funcionamento cerebral atípico, sendo nomeado neuroatípico, neurodivergente ou neurodiverso aqueles indivíduos acometidos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]. No entanto, cabe salientar que, independentemente do nível de suporte ou da gravidade, ambos acarretam prejuízos no desenvolvimento adequados dos indivíduos na infância e perduram por toda a vida, necessitando de acompanhamento especializado e terapias específicas para lidar com tais prejuízos de forma a se alcançar uma vida com mais qualidade e independência.</p>
                <p>Alguns pesquisadores e profissionais da saúde tentam ligar as manifestações clínicas do TEA à ingestão de determinados alimentos ou nutrientes, como glúten, leite, lactose, alergias e intolerâncias alimentares, infecções, presença de vermes no trato digestório, disbiose, entre outros. No entanto, até o presente momento, nenhum estudo se mostrou conclusivo nesse sentido. Esse conceito equivocado de que o TEA é causado por alimentos ou nutrientes acarreta a perpetuação da ideia de que dietas específicas e tratamentos sem comprovação (dieta cetogênica, dieta <italic>low carb</italic>, uso de suplementos, protocolos de desparasitação, enemas, entre outros) poderiam controlar as manifestações clínicas ou mesmo “curar” os indivíduos acometidos. No TDAH não é diferente. Muito se especula de que o consumo de açúcar, corantes alimentícios e alimentos ultraprocessados fossem a causa do TDAH, assim como o uso indiscriminado de telas na infância. Tais imprecisões de compreensão não poderiam estar mais longe da cientificidade que o assunto necessita. Além disso, tais “pseudotratamentos” sem comprovação podem não somente atrasar a busca por aqueles tratamentos sabidamente eficientes e eficazes, mas também causar risco de vida aos indivíduos que os utilizam. Revisões sistemáticas recentes mostram que não há evidências robustas tanto para a adoção de dietas restritivas (sem glúten, sem lactose, sem leite, dieta cetogênica ou low carb) quanto para uso de suplementos nutricionais (ômega-3, vitamina D, probióticos, vitamina B12, entre outros) no tratamento do TEA e do TDAH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>]. Além disso, na perspectiva da inclusão alimentar e nutricional, não faz sentido e não é recomendado que se utilize de tratamentos que trarão mais restrições na vida social sem o devido benefício comprovado.</p>
                <p>Já é sabido que crianças e adultos neurodiversos não possuem necessidades nutricionais diferentes de indivíduos neurotípicos na mesma faixa etária. Pessoas neurodiversas também estão suscetíveis aos mesmos problemas de alimentação que a população em geral [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]. O que pode ocorrer é que as manifestações clínicas do TEA e do TDAH podem impactar diferentemente a alimentação e a nutrição dos indivíduos, exacerbando comportamentos disfuncionais em relação à ingestão alimentar e, possivelmente, prejudicando a rotina alimentar e o estabelecimento de hábitos alimentares adequados para uma alimentação e nutrição adequada e saudável [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]. Neste sentido, a maior parte das intervenções recomendadas nos transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento são de cunho comportamental e treino de habilidades cognitivas, sensoriais, motoras, sociais e comportamentais em prol da aquisição de habilidades e ampliação de experiências que busquem melhorar a relação do indivíduo com a alimentação [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>]. Para tal, uma equipe multidisciplinar é necessária, a depender das necessidades individuais de cada pessoa, a qual pode ser composta por nutricionista, neurologista, psiquiatra, psicólogo, fisioterapeuta, terapeuta ocupacional, fonoaudiólogo, neuropsicopedagogo e educador físico.</p>
                <p>No campo da alimentação e nutrição, atenção especial deve ser dada à aspectos intrínsecos relacionados às escolhas e rotinas alimentares. Em indivíduos neurodivergentes, o nutricionista deve: 1) auxiliar no planejamento e organização de uma rotina alimentar saudável; 2) traçar estratégias para ampliar as experiências alimentares; 3) auxiliar a reduzir o estresse e ansiedade nos horários das refeições; e 4) investigar, prevenir e tratar possíveis carências nutricionais, alergias alimentares e intolerâncias, quando estas estão presentes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                <p>Alguns estudos tentaram elucidar os aspectos comportamentais alimentares em pessoas com TEA. Dentre os principais achados estão um padrão alimentar com baixa em variedade alimentar, alta rejeição a alimentos, baixo consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal e alimentos com fontes de proteína. Em decorrência disso, observou-se baixo consumo de proteínas, cálcio, zinco e vitaminas do complexo B, alto consumo de carboidratos refinados [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]. Essas características podem estar relacionadas às manifestações clínicas do TEA: rigidez cognitiva, que traz dificuldade de variar as preparações e experimentar novos alimentos, misturar alimentos diferentes, rituais ao se alimentar; hiperfoco, com ênfase e preferência para algum tipo, textura ou formato de alimento, que pode facilitar o aparecimento de compulsão alimentar, além de dificuldade de se alimentar fora de casa; hipersensibilidade sensorial, que traz dificuldades com novas texturas, cheiros, cores, gostos, além de sintomas físicos de desconforto, podendo ou não estar associado ao desenvolvimento de Transtorno Alimentar Restritivo Evitativo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>; e atrasos no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, que comprometem autonomia para realizar refeições e escolhas alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>]. Indivíduos TEA tendem a ter aumento de manifestações gastrointestinais, as quais podem ser confundidas com alergias ou intolerâncias alimentares [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>]. Uma investigação mais aprofundada deve ser feita, para que a exclusão de alimentos e nutrientes seja a menor possível para o alívio dos sintomas apresentados. A suplementação de nutrientes sempre deve ser feita quando identificada a deficiência por meio de exames laboratoriais específicos. No Brasil, aspectos da alimentação e nutrição de pessoas com TEA já foram publicados por nutricionistas e pesquisadores brasileiros, gerando evidências sobre o tratamento nutricional desse grupo de indivíduos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]. A Rede TEA Brasil vinculada à Universidade Federal de Pelota é uma iniciativa de pesquisa vinculada ao Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia e financiada pelo Ministério da Saúde em parceria com o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), busca revisar as leis e políticas públicas existentes relacionadas ao TEA, desde o diagnóstico à intervenção, além das publicações e evidências relativas ao transtorno (para mais informações, acesse: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/redeteabrasil/">https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/redeteabrasil/</ext-link>).</p>
                <p>Em relação ao perfil alimentar relacionado aos indivíduos com TDAH, os estudos observaram um padrão alimentar chamado de “não-saudável”, com alto consumo de fast foods, alimentos tipo snacks e ultraprocessados prontos para o consumo, alto consumo de doces e bebidas açucaradas, baixo consumo de vegetais. Em decorrência disso, observa-se alto consumo de açúcar, sal e gordura trans e saturada, menor conteúdo de vitamina B12 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>]. Dentre as manifestações clínicas que influenciam tais comportamentos no TDAH estão: impulsividade e déficit no controle inibitório, tornando os indivíduos mais suscetíveis a pistas ambientais para alimentos (propaganda), dificuldade de parar de comer, risco para comportamento aditivo tanto para alimentos quanto para uso de substâncias; o prejuízo na regulação emocional e busca de gratificação imediata, que aumenta a facilidade para ceder a alimentos rápidos para o consumo; a disfunção executiva, trazendo dificuldade de planejar, organizar e seguir rotinas alimentares; e o hiperfoco, que dificulta o indivíduo se desvencilhar de uma atividade e parar para se alimentar. O tratamento nutricional de crianças com TDAH também foi alvo de revisões feitas por pesquisadores brasileiros [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>], os quais salientam que a melhoria do padrão alimentar em prol de uma alimentação mais saudável traz benefícios e redução de sintomatologia.</p>
                <p>Apesar de não ter um conceito científico definido, alguns profissionais nutricionistas que atendem pessoas neurodiversas usam o termo “Terapia Alimentar” para definir seu campo de atuação, a qual é difundida especialmente para crianças com diferentes graus de seletividade alimentar em redes sociais. A terapia alimentar teria por objetivo auxiliar no desenvolvimento de habilidades que melhorem a realização das refeições, tanto na ampliação da aceitação de alimentos como na autonomia para se alimentar e fazer melhores escolhas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. A terapia alimentar une conhecimentos de educação nutricional e utiliza estratégias semelhantes às utilizadas por profissionais de Terapia Ocupacional com abordagem de integração sensorial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>].</p>
                <p>Desta forma, é possível verificar que estratégias comportamentais são a primeira linha de atuação dos nutricionistas envolvidos no atendimento e cuidado de pessoas neurodiversas. Estudos de neurociência que busquem elucidar os mecanismos associados ao efeito de tais estratégias vão ampliar a compreensão não somente sobre o funcionamento cerebral de pessoas com TEA e TDAH, como podem contribuir para o fortalecimento de práticas baseadas em evidências no campo da alimentação e nutrição em pessoas neurodiversas, pensando em uma alimentação mais inclusiva. Da mesma forma, ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados mais bem conduzidos e com tamanhos amostrais maiores podem auxiliar a verificar se existe possíveis grupos de indivíduos com TEA e TDAH que, de fato, podem se beneficiar de dietas específicas ou mesmo suplementos alimentares.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>O papel da alimentação e nutrição nas doenças neurológicas e epilepsia</title>
                <p>A alimentação e a nutrição estão ganhando um destaque cada vez maior nas pesquisas que relacionam a sua interação com as doenças neurológicas tanto na prevenção quanto no tratamento delas. De um lado, podemos ter desequilíbrios de nutrientes relacionados a condições neurológicas, e por outro lado, o uso potencial de vários nutracêuticos e planos dietéticos na prevenção e tratamento de certos distúrbios neurológicos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]. Atualmente, entidades regulamentadoras da prática nutricional já possuem diretrizes específicas para doenças neurológicas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>]. Em relação às entidades internacionais, a <italic>European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism</italic> atualizou recentemente duas diretrizes para o tratamento nutricional de condições neurológicas, uma referente ao cuidado de pacientes com demência e doença de Alzheimer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>], e outra para o cuidado nutricional de pacientes com doenças neurológicas em geral, incluindo acidente vascular encefálico e a doença de Parkinson [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]. Aspectos como uso de suplementos e manejo de disfagia são abordados, entre outros fatores relevantes para evitar a deterioração do estado nutricional dos pacientes. No Brasil, existem protocolos do Ministério da Saúde para o tratamento de Alzheimer e Parkinson, porém estes não incluem aspectos específicos do tratamento nutricional de tais doenças [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>]. No entanto, é sabido que tais doenças trazem um grande impacto na autonomia alimentar dos indivíduos acometidos, além de apresentarem riscos aumentados para má nutrição e deterioração do estado nutricional [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>]. Dessa forma, o nutricionista é o profissional mais indicado para realizar o diagnóstico e monitoramento do estado nutricional de pessoas com Alzheimer ou Parkinson, bem como na indicação de suporte nutricional quando identificada a necessidade, tanto no ambiente hospitalar quanto no domicílio, conforme estabelecido pelo CFN na Resolução nº 600/2018.</p>
                <p>Dentro dos desequilíbrios nutricionais, alguns estudos discutem o impacto da desnutrição e de diferentes nutrientes sobre doenças como acidente vascular cerebral, quadros de neuroinflamação, doença de Parkinson, doença de Alzheimer (DA), esclerose múltipla, estresse crônico [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref>]. Os medicamentos também podem causar flutuações nos níveis de nutrientes, o que pode levar a uma ampla gama de sintomas neurológicos, a exemplo da levodopa, uma droga quelante de zinco – um micronutriente envolvido nas funções do sistema tegumentar, imunológico e nervoso – que foi observado como menor em pacientes com Parkinson que tomam levodopa, resultando em distúrbios do paladar, estomatite, dermatite e sintomas psiquiátricos, como depressão, ansiedade e distúrbios do sono, presumivelmente devido aos efeitos anti-inflamatórios e antioxidantes do zinco e seu envolvimento na regulação de receptores cerebrais, como receptores de serotonina e glutamato [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>].</p>
                <p>No que tange ao uso de certos alimentos e dietas, alguns nutracêuticos mostram potencial na prevenção e tratamento de muitas condições neurológicas. Estudos observaram que dietas ricas em nutrientes, como a dieta mediterrânea ou dietas ricas em ácidos graxos ômega-3, têm benefícios neuroprotetores e cardiometabólicos, enquanto dietas ricas em alimentos processados e gorduras saturadas e trans desempenham um papel na inflamação sistêmica de baixo grau, que por sua vez contribui para os mecanismos neuro-inflamatórios envolvidos na patogênese de doenças degenerativas e depressão [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. A exemplo disso, existem evidências crescentes do uso potencial da suplementação de vitamina D em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, doença de Parkinson e outras doenças neurológicas, uma vez que baixos níveis de vitamina D têm sido associados a um maior risco de declínio cognitivo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>].</p>
                <p>Outro exemplo que tem se destacado cada vez mais é o uso da Dieta Cetogênica (DC) para tratamento das epilepsias farmacorresistentes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>]. A eficácia da DC está amplamente evidenciada cientificamente e consiste nas alterações metabólicas e mecanismos neuroprotetores ligados à cetogênese. Os corpos cetônicos, derivados da oxidação de ácidos graxos – provenientes dos estados de jejum ou como resultado de dietas ricas em gordura – têm amplas propriedades antioxidantes e neuroprotetoras prevenindo danos às células neuronais após as crises epilépticas, criando um estado anti-crises, modulando o tônus excitatório/inibitório do SNC, o eixo intestino-cérebro, a neuroplasticidade, reduzindo a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a neuroinflamação [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref>]. Além das epilepsias farmacorresistentes, a DC também têm sido estudada em outras doenças como a migrânea, DA, doença de Parkinson, autismo, esclerose lateral amiotrófica e neoplasias cerebrais, porém, estes estudos, até o momento, ainda são inconclusivos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>]. No que tange o uso da DC em indivíduos com epilepsia, o neurologista é o profissional responsável por identificar os pacientes que podem se beneficiar com o tratamento cetogênico, e o nutricionista é o profissional responsável pela aplicação do tratamento com DC junto ao paciente e seus cuidadores, prescrevendo a dieta, orientando os familiares e acompanhando, junto à equipe, os efeitos metabólicos e neurológicos. A <italic>International League Against Epilepsy</italic> disponibiliza em seu website os centros de tratamento com DC no mundo (https://www.ilae.org/patient-care/ketogenic-diets/international-centers#SA). No Brasil existem 8 centros cadastrados na <italic>International League Against Epilepsy</italic> atualmente, quatro deles no estado de São Paulo (vinculados à Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, e Universidade de São Paulo – Ribeirão Preto), um em Pernambuco, um no Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal Fluminense), um em Curitiba e um em Santa Catarina (o qual é vinculado ao Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina). No entanto, é sabido que existem outros centros especializados com nutricionistas atuando nessa área, como a Unidade de Epilepsia e Neurocirurgia Funcional em Natal-RN, o Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin em Fortaleza-CE, o Instituto Santos Dummont em Macaíba-RN, dentre outros.</p>
                <p>Reflexões e futuros direcionamentos</p>
                <p>O Brasil figura como o país onde existem mais casos de depressão e ansiedade no mundo. Ainda, o crescimento da prevalência da obesidade no Brasil, os transtornos alimentares, o aumento no diagnóstico de pessoas neurodiversas, e o risco aumentado para doenças neurológicas devido ao envelhecimento populacional são fatores relevantes que devem nortear a atuação profissional. Nessa perspectiva, profissionais que conseguem fazer a ponte entre a alimentação e nutrição com a saúde mental saem na frente na atenção e no cuidado nutricionais de indivíduos e populações. Infelizmente, nem sempre as publicações e evidências científicas em NN fazem as melhores práticas profissionais, visto que, atualmente, muitos nutricionistas ainda propagam informações e condutas nutricionais não baseadas nas melhores evidências nas redes sociais e em congressos. Isso se deve, em parte, à própria gestão curricular dos Cursos de Graduação em Nutrição no país, para a qual a atual proposta de diretrizes curriculares nacionais [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>] não exigem na grade curricular dos cursos disciplinas voltadas à neurociência e aspectos inerentes do comportamento humano. Ainda, também se deve a carência de formações específicas de qualidade e treinamentos consistentes nas áreas de neurociência, neurologia, psiquiatria e psicologia, fazendo com que muitos profissionais formados propaguem ideias equivocadas em termos científicos, contribuindo para a desinformação e incorrendo, muitas vezes, em condutas iatrogênicas e com forte conotação pseudocientífica. Na perspectiva da Nutrição baseada em evidências, no que tange a NN, é fundamental que reconheçamos nossas lacunas de formação, de forma a preenchê-las com conhecimento de qualidade e treinamento especializado, para que os profissionais possam realizar intervenções nutricionais mais assertivas, eficientes e oportunas a cada situação individual.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
            <p>A NN vem se consolidando como uma área promissora para a atuação do nutricionista, tanto na pesquisa quanto na prática profissional. O entendimento das bases neurobiológicas do comportamento alimentar e fundamentos básicos de neurociência auxilia o nutricionista a estar mais preparado para atuar na mudança de hábitos alimentares em prol de uma alimentação mais saudável para indivíduos e populações. A formação e treinamento em áreas como a psicologia e psiquiatria auxilia a estar mais capacitado para tratar pacientes com transtornos alimentares e de humor, os quais necessitam de atenção especializada. No tratamento de doenças neurológicas, o nutricionista auxilia na recuperação do estado nutricional e na adaptação da dieta às necessidades do paciente. No cuidado de pessoas neurodiversas, o nutricionista auxilia a planejar uma rotina alimentar saudável voltada para aquisição de independência para se alimentar e fazer melhores escolhas. Desta forma, a inserção do nutricionista em equipes multiprofissionais de cuidado em saúde mental é fundamental para termos um atendimento mais humanizado e holístico do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <p><bold>Como citar esse artigo:</bold> Moreira JD, Ceolin G, Ribeiro LC, Antunes LC, Rieger DK. Atuação do nutricionista em neurociência nutricional. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240184. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184pt</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Apoio</label>
                <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) – Chamada Universal (processo nº 403126/2023-1).</p>
            </fn>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>DOSSIER | 85 years of professional nutritionist pratice in Brazil</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Nutrition practice and research in the age of nutritional neuroscience</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2256-7222</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Moreira</surname>
                        <given-names>Júlia Dubois</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0525-2867</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ceolin</surname>
                        <given-names>Gilciane</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9360-2622</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
                        <given-names>Letícia Carina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0106-0721</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Antunes</surname>
                        <given-names>Luciana da Conceição</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8726-8899</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Riege</surname>
                        <given-names>Débora Kurrle</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff04">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff05">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canadá.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff06">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c02"> Correspondence to: JD MOREIRA. E-mail: <email>juliamoreira@gmail.com</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="conflict">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Objective</title>
                    <p>To explore current issues regarding the inclusion of nutritionists in Nutritional Neuroscience, addressing key concepts, main areas of research, and their potential, in addition to knowledge gaps requiring further attention.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Methods</title>
                    <p>This theoretical and reflective article discusses major research topics in Nutritional Neuroscience, including eating behavior and its influence on human health, the relationship between nutrition and nutritional status and cognitive function (memory and mood disorders), the role of nutrition in neurodevelopmental disorders, its implications for the treatment of neurological diseases and epilepsy. This discussion is supported by scientific literature and clinical guidelines and protocols developed by specialized agencies in food, nutrition, and medical care.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Results</title>
                    <p>Nutritional Neuroscience examines the interplay between brain function and food intake, aiming to broaden the understanding of how dietary habits, nutrient consumption, and nutritional status influence brain function, as well as their implications in normal homeostatic processes and their impact on brain health, neurobiological mechanisms, and pathological conditions. In this article, we address the aspects of eating behavior and the role of nutrition in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, memory, and neurological diseases, which are areas considered the most prominent and promising within the field.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Conclusion</title>
                    <p>Nutritional Neuroscience represents a promising field for nutritionists in both research and professional practice. Strengthening the educational foundation of nutritionist training by integrating the best available evidence is essential to support effective and evidence-based practice in this area.</p>
                </sec>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Food</kwd>
                <kwd>Eating behavior</kwd>
                <kwd>Neuroscience</kwd>
                <kwd>Nutrition</kwd>
                <kwd>Psychiatry</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
                    <award-id>403126/2023-1</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement>
                    <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (CNPq) – Universal Call (process nº 403126/2023-1).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <sec sec-type="intro">
                <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
                <p>Eating is a fundamental human behavior, considered the conscious process of searching for foods that satisfy hunger, promote physical and emotional well-being, and support life in a societal context [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>]. Signals are sent from the brain to peripheral organs to seek foods that provide the organic energy and nutrients necessary to maintain life.</p>
                <p>Similarly, signals are transmitted from the periphery to the Central Nervous System (CNS) to regulate chemical reactions and the release of neurotransmitters, thereby maintaining coordinated brain activity and function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>]. Nutritional Neuroscience (NN) is grounded in the concept of a “bidirectional conversation” between the CNS and peripheral systems. This field is used in scientific research to explore how dietary components – such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and supplements, including phytonutrients – affect the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. Some researchers have introduced the term “neuronutrition” within the context of NN to emphasize the relationship between diet, brain health, and cognitive function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>]. Neuronutrition encompasses not only the study of dietary patterns but also the intake of specific nutrients for the prevention and treatment of disorders affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>]. Accordingly, NN aims to generate evidence on the connections between food consumption – its quality and quantity – and brain function, including their implications in both normal (homeostatic) and pathological processes. NN also investigates how nutrition can promote mental wellbeing and brain health, supporting the prevention and management of metabolic, neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders. More recently, the term Nutritional Psychiatry (NP) has been introduced to define a growing area of research focused on the relationship between diet and mood disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>]. The NP examines how unhealthy dietary patterns may contribute to the onset or worsening of psychiatric disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders, and how healthy eating habits and targeted nutrient intake may aid in their treatment and management.</p>
                <p>Although the first evidence of the effects of a ketogenic diet on the reduction of epileptic seizures emerged over a century ago [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], it is only in the last 15 years that NN has gained more consistent attention from nutrition professionals. Advances in neuroscience have enhanced our understanding of the behavioral aspects of nutritional treatment, bridging the gap between nutrition science and brain function. This growing intersection has contributed significantly to the management of chronic diseases by highlighting the relationship between food choices, brain function, and overall human health. In parallel, increasing research has explored the role of specific nutrients in the prevention and treatment of conditions involving the CNS. More recently, the renewed interest in the intricate connection between the digestive system – particularly the gut – and brain function, known as the gut-brain axis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>], has further engaged nutrition professionals in scientific discourse and events focused on brain health.</p>
                <p>In Brazil, despite the growing number of courses, publications, and professionals emphasizing expertise in NN and NP, it is important to note that neither NN nor PN is formally recognized as a specialty within the field of nutrition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. To date, no official data have been found regarding the practice of nutritionists specifically within NN or NP in Brazil, possibly because these areas are not included in the list of recognized nutritionist specialties, as outlined in Resolution No. 689, dated May 4, 2021. This resolution governs the recognition of nutrition specialties and the registration of specialist titles within the Federal and Regional Councils of Nutrition System. While the resolution defines several areas of specialization, the titles most closely related to NN and NP – “XXVI - Nutrition in Mental Health” and “XXVII – Nutrition in Eating Disorders” – do not fully encompass the breadth of topics and approaches involved in NN and NP. With the exception of these two specialties, the responsibilities associated with NN and NP typically fall under the broader domain of Clinical Nutrition. In this context, nutritionists are tasked with assessing nutritional status, prescribing diets and meal plans to promote health and/or support nutritional recovery, and implementing nutrition education strategies tailored to individual health needs. These duties are defined in CFN Resolution No. 600, dated February 25, 2018, which defines the areas of practice and responsibilities of nutritionists and establishes minimum reference parameters for effective service delivery across different fields. Notably, this resolution does not include mental health as a designated area of practice.</p>
                <p>Nutritional Neuroscience and NP are recognized as areas of scientific research that aim to expand the understanding of health professionals of the connections between food, nutrition, and health – particularly in relation to the CNS. This article seeks to explore the integration of nutrition professionals into the field of NN, discussing key concepts, major research areas, their potential contributions, and the existing knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation. To this end, we present a theoretical and reflective discussion based on main research themes within NN, including eating behavior and its influence on human health, the relationship between nutrition and nutritional status and memory and mood disorders, the nutritional aspects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, and the role of nutrition in the treatment of neurological conditions, including epilepsy. The discussion is informed by scientific literature, identified through a non-systematic search designed to support the key arguments with relevant evidence without aiming to be exhaustive. Efforts were made to include both national and international sources. Additionally, clinical protocols and guidelines issued by agencies specializing in food, nutrition, and medical care were also included to enrich the analysis.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>The role of eating behavior in nutrition</title>
                    <p>The ability of an organism to sense its physiological needs – known as interoception [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>] – and subsequently initiate behaviors that secure the resources necessary for its survival is essential for maintaining organ system function, ensuring quality of life, and supporting both physical and mental health. This ability also plays a critical role in disease prevention. Numerous biological signals have evolved to regulate eating behavior, underscoring the essential roles of food and nutrition in sustaining human life across all levels of biological and social organization [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]. Eating behavior and related decision-making processes are governed by complex neurobiological mechanisms. Recent studies in both human and animal models have shown multiple factors influence an individual’s ability to make food choices that promote well-being. These include biological and physiological variations in signaling pathways that regulate homeostatic, hedonic, and executive functions, the surrounding food environment, life-stage-specific exposures, and the presence of chronic conditions, such as obesity and its associated comorbidities [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Briefly, eating behavior is influenced by both homeostatic signals, which are physiologically driven, and hedonic signals, which are associated with the pursuit of pleasure and reward. These factors involve continuous communication between the brain and peripheral organs and are modulated by executive functions involved in decision-making processes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. Appetite and food intake can be hyperstimulated by environments rich in food rewards, leading to excessive consumption of calories and nutrients. Additionally, biological dysfunction in appetite-regulating pathways may contribute to the development of food-related disorders, such as obesity and eating disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. Thus, there is ongoing interaction between the homeostatic and hedonic systems governing food intake. While homeostatic regulation of body weight is driven by a balance between energy intake and expenditure based on physiological needs, hedonic control strongly influences eating behavior through motivation for pleasure and the reward value of food. Homeostatic signals rely on hormonal and biochemical messengers released from peripheral organs, which act on brain regions such as the hypothalamus and rhombencephalon. In contrast, hedonic control involves cortical and subcortical brain areas and is influenced by the sensory appeal of food, as well as the intensity and frequency of exposure to food-related stimuli in the environment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. Moreover, the decision to start eating and what will be ingested also involves the control of executive functions processed in the corticolimbic system, particularly the prefrontal cortex [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]. Eating behavior is ultimately shaped by a complex integration of information, including input from the sensory systems (visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory), visceral and nutrient signals, motivational states, environmental cues, and any relevant pathophysiological conditions, allowing individuals to adapt their food choices to their environment.</p>
                    <p>Understanding the complexity of eating behavior is essential to fully understand and implement treatment strategies for diseases associated with dysfunctional eating behaviors, such as eating disorders and obesity. This knowledge supports the creation of more humane, evidence-based, effective nutritional strategies, thereby promoting the advancement of nutritional sciences and public health. Food and nutrition education is an important aspect of the training and work of nutritionists. When combined with neuroscientific evidence on human eating behavior and the pathophysiological aspects of eating disorders and chronic diseases, nutritionists can generate more effective treatments for coping with such health problems [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. More recently, advances in the pharmacological treatment of obesity using GLP-1 agonists have fostered discussions on the role of nutritionists in this new context [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. New forms of nutritional care for people living with obesity that combine aspects of psychology with nutritional care have been proposed so that these patients can be better served [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>], without resorting to approaches that foster stereotypes and prejudice in the context of care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>].</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The role of food and nutrition in memory</title>
                    <p>The relationship between cognition, memory, and nutrition is interdependent. Memory processes can influence decisions around food choices, eating behavior, and nutrient intake. In contrast, nutritional status has a direct impact on cognitive processes, including memory. Increasingly, research has focused on the role of nutritional status and the potential protective effects of specific nutrients in protecting cognitive function and delaying the progression of conditions that impair memory, such as dementia and neurodegenerative diseases (especially Alzheimer’s disease).</p>
                    <p>Obesity is a well-established risk factor for cognitive decline, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. Accordingly, current clinical guidelines for dementia prevention consider obesity a major modifiable risk factor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. A large meta-analysis involving over 1 million people demonstrated that being overweight is a significant risk factor for dementia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Specifically, the analysis revealed that a 5 kg/m² increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) was associated with a 0.71 risk of dementia (95% CI: 0.66–0.77) when BMI was measured less than 10 years before diagnosis, a 0.94 risk (95% CI: 0.89–0.99) when assessed 10 to 20 years prior, and a 1.16 risk (95% CI: 1.05–1.27) when measured more than 20 years before diagnosis. This association likely reflects two distinct processes: a long-term detrimental effect of elevated BMI on cognitive health and a reverse causality effect, in which higher BMI appears protective in the short term due to weight loss associated with the early, preclinical stages of dementia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p>
                    <p>In the field of nutrition, the relationship between diet quality and cognitive function, particularly memory, has been extensively studied. The evidence suggests an association between dietary quality and cognitive performance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. Studies analyzing dietary patterns and the frequency of consumption of specific foods (such as sugary beverages and fast food) have shown a relationship between these eating habits and various aspects of cognition and memory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Notably, even in the absence of obesity, diets high in ultra-processed foods and low in polyphenols, antioxidants, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been associated with impaired memory performance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. The Mediterranean diet has consistently been associated with a slower decline in cognitive function and a reduced risk of dementia. In contrast, Western dietary patterns are linked to accelerated cognitive decline and may increase the risk of developing dementia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]. Some studies, including that by Hallböök et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], suggest that ketogenic diets may exert neuroprotective effects. More recently, adherence to the Planetary Health Diet, a plant-forward dietary pattern that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats while limiting animal products, refined grains, added sugars, and unhealthy fats, has also been associated with a slower decline in memory and global cognitive function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. However, accurately identifying these associations in human studies presents methodological challenges. Diets are difficult to control in free-living populations, and directly measuring nutrient intake often requires costly and invasive methods, such as blood sampling or supplementation trials. As a result, most studies on the impact of diet on cognitive performance rely on food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake based on self-reported consumption over a specific period. While widely used, food frequency questionnaires depend on memory-based reporting, which may limit their reliability, particularly in studies assessing the relationship between diet and memory function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Much of the existing evidence on the impact of diet on memory and cognition has focused on neurodegeneration and age-related memory decline. However, an increasing number of studies in healthy young adults have reported negative correlations between self-reported intake of dietary fats and sugars and performance on memory tests. Nutritional research has also examined the influence of memory on energy and nutrient intake. Early evidence for the role of memory in appetite regulation came from observations of individuals with amnesia, who often exhibited disturbances in hunger and satiety cues. In 1985, Hebben et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>] reported that the famous amnesic patient H.M., who suffered profound memory loss following brain surgery to treat epilepsy, rarely experienced sensations of hunger or thirst, even after extended periods without food or water. The study of cognition and memory in the regulation of food intake is particularly important, considering growing evidence that obesity is associated with cognitive deficits.</p>
                    <p>There is currently no robust evidence supporting specific nutritional therapies for cognitive recovery in individuals yet. Nonetheless, nutritionists still play a crucial role in guiding the development of structured eating routines and encouraging the consumption of nutrients in an adequate and balanced manner to foster healthier dietary habits, which have been consistently linked to improved mental health outcomes.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The role of diet and nutrition in mood disorders</title>
                    <p>In studies on nutrition and mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, numerous studies have explored the relationship between both individual nutrients and overall dietary patterns as potential preventive or adjuvant treatment strategies. This interest stems from the biological underpinnings of mood disorders, which are often associated with oxidative stress, persistent low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune system dysregulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D are among the most studied in relation to depression because of their proposed roles in modulating inflammatory markers and interacting with key neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, alongside other neurobiological mechanisms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]. Few studies have directly assessed the effects of dietary intake and specific nutrients on mood. However, a recent review highlighted the potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins C and E, and zinc in alleviating symptoms of depression[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. Other nutrients, including B-complex vitamins, various antioxidants, amino acids such as tryptophan, and certain herbal supplements, are also being studied for their possible role in managing symptoms in individuals with mood disorders. However, more robust studies are necessary to establish their efficacy and inform clinical recommendations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Studies on dietary patterns have adopted different approaches to explore the relationship between mood disorders and both unhealthy and healthy diets [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]. Diets characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables (key sources of dietary fiber) and high intake of processed foods, refined grains, sugars, and artificial additives have been associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in individuals without a history of depression [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>]. Furthermore, adherence to Western dietary patterns and diets considered to have a “high inflammatory index” has been linked to greater severity of depressive symptoms among individuals diagnosed with mood disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. In a cohort study involving individuals with bipolar disorder, improved diet quality was associated with favorable changes in gut microbiota composition, which in turn were associated with improvements in bipolar disorder symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Despite these findings, clinical trials investigating the effects of dietary interventions in patients with bipolar disorder remain limited.</p>
                    <p>From the perspective of healthy eating, observational studies have also shown that a higher intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of depression in both adults and older adults (&gt;65y) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. Research examining vegetarian and vegan diets in relation to depression and bipolar disorder has suggested potential protective effects against severe symptoms. However, many of these studies have not evaluated the nutritional quality of these diets in terms of specific nutrient adequacy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>]. Clinical trials investigating various dietary interventions have generally found that reducing the intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods and replacing them with higher-fiber, lower-fat alternatives is associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>]. The ketogenic diet has also been studied in the context of depression and bipolar disorder, though further research is needed before clinical application, as existing studies are limited by small sample sizes, and considering the potential protocol-related risks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. Additionally, clinical studies examining the Mediterranean diet or improvements in diet quality have reported positive effects on depressive symptom reduction [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>].</p>
                    <p>A healthy and balanced diet is recommended as an adjuvant strategy in the treatment of mood disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>]. In this context, nutritionists play a vital role in guiding and supporting affected individuals in structuring their eating routines, preventing nutritional deficiencies, and restoring nutritional status when necessary. When combined with the use of medications and therapies, a well-planned diet not only provides the essential nutrients required for optimal brain and body function but also helps patients establish consistent daily habits and improve their overall well-being and support greater engagement in their social life.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The role of diet and nutrition in neurodevelopmental disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</title>
                    <p>In recent years, the increasing diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), combined with the widespread dissemination of related information on social media and in mainstream media, has contributed to growing public interest in the role of diet and eating behaviors associated with these conditions, particularly among children with ASD. Both ASD and ADHD have a strong genetic and hereditary basis, accounting for approximately 98% of cases, while environmental factors appear to play a comparatively smaller role. Notably, comorbidity between the two disorders is high, reaching around 35% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>]. Although ASD and ADHD are distinct in terms of clinical and neurological characteristics, they often present similar signs and symptoms, such as executive dysfunction, hyperfocus, heightened environmental sensitivity, and increased sensory perception. These features can manifest as restlessness (often referred to as “stimming” in ASD and hyperactivity in ADHD), low threshold for frustration, anxiety, and avoidant behaviors that resemble procrastination [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>]. The intensity of symptom expression varies among individuals and is categorized as levels of support in ASD (Levels 1, 2, and 3) and levels of severity in ADHD (mild, moderate, and severe) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. Currently, ASD and ADHD are not classified as diseases but rather as a spectrum of atypical brain functions, with those affected being called neuroatypical, neurodivergent, or neurodiverse [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]. Nonetheless, regardless of the level of support or severity, both ASD and ADHD can significantly impact child development and last throughout life, requiring specialized monitoring and tailored therapeutic interventions to address these challenges and achieve a better quality of life and greater independence.</p>
                    <p>Some researchers and health professionals have attempted to investigate the link between the clinical manifestations of ASD with the ingestion of certain foods or nutrients, such as gluten, milk, and lactose, as well as with food allergies, intolerances, gastrointestinal infections, intestinal parasites, and gut dysbiosis, among other factors. However, to date, no study has been conclusive. The mistaken belief that ASD is caused by certain foods or nutrients has contributed to the spread of unproven dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic or low-carbohydrate diet, excessive use of dietary supplements, deworming protocols, and even enemas, which are sometimes promoted as ways to control symptoms or even “cure” affected individuals. The same misconceptions extend to ADHD, where it is often speculated, without scientific basis, that sugar, artificial food colorings, ultra-processed foods, or excessive screen time during childhood are causal factors. These inaccuracies not only lack empirical support but can also divert attention from evidence-based interventions. Furthermore, such unproven pseudo-treatments may not only delay access to proven, effective therapies but may also pose health risks to the individuals who use them. Recent systematic reviews have concluded that there is no robust evidence for the adoption of restrictive diets, including gluten-free, lactose-free, dairy-free, ketogenic, or low-carb diets, or nutritional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, probiotics, or vitamin B12 in the treatment of ASD or ADHD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>]. Furthermore, from the perspective of food and nutritional inclusion, the adoption of unnecessarily restrictive interventions is not only unjustified but also potentially harmful, as it may further limit social participation without offering any proven clinical benefit.</p>
                    <p>Neurodiverse children and adults do not have different nutritional needs compared to neurotypical individuals of the same age group. Like the general population, they are susceptible to common eating-related issues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]. However, the clinical manifestations of ASD and ADHD can uniquely influence eating behaviors and nutritional status, exacerbating dysfunctional behaviors related to food intake, disrupting eating routines, and interfering with the development of appropriate and healthy eating habits [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]. Most of the recommended interventions for neurodevelopmental disorders are behavioral in nature and involve developing cognitive, sensory, motor, social, and behavioral skills to improve the individual’s relationship with food through gradual skill and experience acquisition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>]. To implement such strategies effectively, a multidisciplinary team is necessary, tailored to the individual’s specific needs. This team may include professionals such as a nutritionist, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, neuropsychopedagogue, or physical educator.</p>
                    <p>In the field of food and nutrition, special attention should be paid to the intrinsic factors that influence food choices and eating routines. For neurodiverse individuals, nutritionists should assist in the planning and organizing a structured and healthy eating routine, develop strategies to gradually expand eating experiences, help reduce stress and anxiety during mealtimes, and investigate, prevent, and treat potential nutritional deficiencies, food allergies, or intolerances when present [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Some studies have attempted to elucidate the behavioral aspects of eating in individuals with ASD. The main findings include a dietary pattern with low food variety, high food rejection, and low consumption of plant-based and protein-rich foods. As a result, individuals with ASD often exhibit low consumption of proteins, calcium, zinc, and B-complex vitamins, alongside a higher intake of refined carbohydrates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]. These characteristics may be closely linked to the clinical characteristics of ASD, such as cognitive rigidity, which can lead to resistance to trying new foods and preparations, difficulty mixing different food items, and strict adherence to eating rituals. Other characteristics include hyperfocus that may cause an intense preference for specific types, textures, or shapes of food, contributing to episodes of binge eating and challenges in eating outside the home, sensory hypersensitivity that can cause difficulties with new textures, smells, colors, and flavors, sometimes resulting in physical discomfort and potentially contributing to the development of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>] and delays in neuropsychomotor development that may impair autonomy in making food choices and eating independently [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>]. Gastrointestinal symptoms are also commonly reported in individuals with ASD and are frequently misinterpreted as food allergies or intolerances [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>]. Therefore, careful investigations should be conducted to avoid unnecessary food and nutrient exclusions. When nutrient deficiencies are confirmed through laboratory testing, targeted nutrient supplementation should be administered. In Brazil, the dietary and nutritional profiles of individuals with ASD have been examined by national researchers and nutritionists, contributing to a growing body of evidence on nutritional care for this population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]. One notable initiative is the TEA Brazil Network, linked to the <italic>Universidade Federal de Pelotas</italic>. This research network, supported by the Department of Science and Technology and funded by the Ministry of Health in partnership with National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, aims to review existing laws and public policies related to ASD, from diagnosis to intervention, while also promoting publications and scientific evidence on the disorder (more information is available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/redeteabrasil/">https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/redeteabrasil/</ext-link>).</p>
                    <p>Studies on the dietary profile of individuals with ADHD have identified a pattern commonly referred to as “unhealthy,” characterized by high consumption of fast foods, snack foods, ultra-processed ready-to-eat products, sweets, and sugary drinks, alongside low intake of vegetables. This dietary pattern has been associated with excessive consumption of sugar, salt, trans and saturated fats, and reduced intake of vitamin B12 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>]. Several clinical characteristics of ADHD contribute to these eating behaviors. These include impulsivity and deficits in inhibitory control, which increase susceptibility to food-related environmental cues, such as advertising. Individuals may also experience difficulty stopping eating, a tendency toward addictive behaviors (including food and substance use), and challenges in emotional regulation. The pursuit of immediate gratification further increases the likelihood of choosing readily available, palatable foods such as fast food. Additionally, executive dysfunction can impair the ability to plan, organize, and maintain structured eating routines, while hyperfocus may make it difficult to disengage from other activities or regulate food intake. The nutritional management of children with ADHD has been reviewed by Brazilian researchers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>], who emphasize that improving dietary patterns by promoting a healthier diet can reduce symptoms and have significant health benefits.</p>
                    <p>Although there is no formally established scientific definition, some nutrition professionals working with neurodiverse individuals have adopted the term “Feeding Therapy” to describe their area of practice. This term has gained visibility, particularly on social media platforms, in the context of supporting children with varying degrees of food selectivity. The purpose of feeding therapy is to help individuals develop skills that improve mealtime experiences by increasing food acceptance as well as providing autonomy in eating and the ability to make healthier food choices [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. Feeding therapy combines the principles of nutrition education with strategies similar to those used in Occupational Therapy, particularly those grounded in sensory integration approaches [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>].</p>
                    <p>Thus, it becomes evident that behavioral strategies represent the first line of action for nutritionists involved in the care of neurodiverse individuals. Ongoing neuroscience studies that seek to elucidate the mechanisms associated with the effectiveness of such strategies will not only broaden our understanding of brain functioning in individuals with ASD and ADHD but also contribute to the development and validation of evidence-based practices in the field of food and nutrition. This knowledge is essential for promoting a more inclusive approach to dietary care for neurodiverse populations. Similarly, well-designed randomized controlled trials with larger and more representative sample sizes are needed to determine whether specific subgroups of individuals with ASD or ADHD may benefit from particular dietary interventions or nutritional supplements.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>The role of diet and nutrition in neurological diseases</title>
                    <p>Food and nutrition are increasingly recognized as important factors in both the prevention and management of neurological diseases. Nutrient imbalances have been associated with various neurological conditions, and a growing body of research supports the use of nutraceuticals and specific dietary interventions as complementary strategies in the treatment of these disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]. In response to this emerging evidence, regulatory agencies have begun to establish nutritional guidelines for neurological diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>]. At the international level, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism has recently updated two important guidelines. One addresses the nutritional management of patients with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>], while the other provides broader guidance for the nutritional care of individuals with neurological diseases, including conditions such as stroke and Parkinson’s disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>]. These guidelines cover critical aspects such as the use of supplements, dysphagia management, and other measures aimed at preventing malnutrition and preserving nutritional status. In Brazil, although the Ministry of Health has published treatment protocols for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, these documents do not include detailed guidance on nutritional management [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>]. This is a critical omission, as such diseases often compromise an individual’s nutritional autonomy, increase the risk of malnutrition, and can lead to a significant decline in nutritional status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>]. Thus, nutritionists are the most suitable professionals to assess, diagnose, and monitor the nutritional needs of individuals with Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease, as well as recommend nutritional support when the need is identified, both in clinical and home settings, as outlined by the CFN in Resolution No. 600/2018.</p>
                    <p>Considering the role of nutritional imbalances, some studies have explored the impact of malnutrition and specific nutrients on the development and progression of neurological conditions such as stroke, neuroinflammation, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and conditions related to chronic stress [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref>]. In addition to the direct effects of nutrient deficiencies, pharmacological treatments can also cause fluctuations in nutrient levels and contribute to neurological symptoms. For example, levodopa, a commonly prescribed medication for Parkinson’s disease, acts as a zinc-chelating agent. Zinc is a vital micronutrient involved in numerous physiological functions, including those of the integumentary, immune, and nervous systems. Studies have shown that patients with Parkinson’s disease who use levodopa may exhibit reduced zinc levels, which can result in symptoms such as taste disturbances, stomatitis, dermatitis, and a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. These effects are likely related to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of zinc, as well as its regulatory role in neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin and glutamate receptors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>].</p>
                    <p>The use of specific foods and diets, specifically nutraceuticals, has shown potential in the prevention and management of many neurological conditions. Nutrient-dense diets, such as the Mediterranean diet and diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, have been associated with neuroprotective effects and cardiometabolic benefits. In contrast, diets high in processed foods, saturated fats, and trans fats are linked to chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, which plays a contributory role in neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>]. There is also growing evidence supporting the potential use of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological diseases, as low serum levels of vitamin D have been consistently associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>].</p>
                    <p>An increasingly recognized example of dietary intervention in neurological care is the use of the ketogenic diet for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>]. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet in managing pharmacoresistant epilepsies is well-supported by scientific evidence and is based on metabolic changes and neuroprotective mechanisms associated with ketogenesis. Ketone bodies, produced through the oxidation of fatty acids, either during fasting states or via high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets, exhibit significant antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. These mechanisms help protect neuronal cells from damage following seizures, promote an anti-seizure metabolic state, and modulate excitatory/inhibitory balance in the CNS, as well as the gut-brain axis and neuroplasticity. Additionally, the ketogenic diet has been shown to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref>]. Beyond pharmacoresistant epilepsies, the ketogenic diet has also been studied as a potential intervention in conditions such as migraine, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, ASD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and brain neoplasms. However, findings in these areas remain inconclusive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>]. In cases of epilepsy, it is the neurologist’s responsibility to identify patients who may benefit from the ketogenic diet. Once prescribed, the nutritionist plays a central role in implementing the dietary protocol, working closely with the patient and caregivers to prescribe the dietary plan, provide education and support to families, and monitor both metabolic and neurological outcomes as part of an interdisciplinary team. The International League Against Epilepsy maintains a global network of ketogenic diet treatment centers for epilepsy (https://www.ilae.org/patient-care/ketogenic-diets/international-centers#SA). In Brazil, eight centers are currently registered with the International League Against Epilepsy. Four are located in the state of São Paulo (affiliated with Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Universidade de São Paulo – Ribeirão Preto), and others are located in Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal Fluminense), Curitiba, and Santa Catarina (linked to the University Hospital of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina). Additionally, other specialized institutions with nutritionists trained in ketogenic therapy include the Epilepsy and Functional Neurosurgery Unit in Natal, RN, the Albert Sabin Children’s Hospital in Fortaleza-CE, and the Santos Dumont Institute in Macaíba-RN.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Reflections and future directions</title>
                    <p>Brazil currently holds the highest number of reported cases of depression and anxiety worldwide. In addition, the rising prevalence of obesity, the increasing incidence of eating disorders, the growing number of neurodiverse diagnoses, and the elevated risk of neurological diseases due to population aging are all critical public health challenges that should guide and inform professional practice in the field of nutrition. Within this context, nutrition professionals who are capable of bridging the gap between nutrition and mental health are poised to play a transformative role in both individualized care and population-level strategies. Despite the expanding interest in NN, scientific literature does not always translate into best practices. Many nutritionists continue to disseminate nutritional information and interventions lacking a solid evidence base, often via social media and even at scientific events. This disconnect is partly attributable to gaps in undergraduate education. The current National Curricular Guidelines for nutrition programs in Brazil [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>] do not require the inclusion of dedicated coursework in neuroscience or in the behavioral sciences that are fundamental to understanding eating behavior, mental health, and neurological function. Compounding this issue is the scarcity of specialized, high-quality training in the areas of neuroscience, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology. As a result, many trained professionals propagate scientifically erroneous ideas, contributing to misinformation and often engaging in iatrogenic behaviors with a strong pseudoscientific connotation. From an evidence-based nutrition perspective, especially within the scope of NN, it is essential to acknowledge and address these training deficiencies. Investing in specialized education and continued professional development is crucial to ensure that nutritionists are equipped to deliver accurate, effective, and timely interventions tailored to the needs of each individual.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>CONCLUSION</title>
                <p>Nutritional Neuroscience (or neuronutrition) is an emerging and promising field for nutritionists, offering significant opportunities in both scientific research and clinical practice. A solid understanding of the neurobiological foundations of eating behavior and the basic principles of neuroscience equips nutritionists to more effectively support changes in eating habits that promote healthier dietary patterns at both individual and population levels. Furthermore, education and training in related areas such as psychology and psychiatry help nutritionists to be better equipped to work with individuals affected by eating and mood disorders, who often require specialized, interdisciplinary care. In the management of neurological diseases, nutritionists play a critical role in restoring nutritional status and adapting dietary strategies to meet the specific needs of each patient. Similarly, in the care of neurodiverse individuals, nutrition professionals assist in the development of healthy eating routines that foster greater autonomy, nutritional adequacy, and better decision-making regarding food choices. Therefore, the inclusion of nutritionists in multidisciplinary mental health care teams is essential to provide more humanized, individualized, and holistic care for patients.</p>
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                    <p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Moreira JD, Ceolin G, Ribeiro LC, Antunes LC, Rieger DK. Nutrition practice and research in the age of nutritional neuroscience. Rev Nutr. 2025;38:e240184. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184en">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184en</ext-link>
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                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p><italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (CNPq) – Universal Call (process nº 403126/2023-1).</p>
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