Nutritional status evaluation of olympic gymnastics athletes from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil
Keywords:
nutrition assessment, diet, iron, athletes, gymnastsAbstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of 46 female olympic gymnastics athletes, aged 11 to 14 years old, attending private gymnastics clubs of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The anthropometric assessment involved measurements of height, body mass, skinfold thickness and circumferences. Significant difference was observed for the triceps, suprailiac, mid thigh and medial calf skinfolds and for the percentage of body fat (p<0.05). For the assessment of dietary intake a 24-hour recall and a 3-day self-register were used. The energy consumption and the percentage of carbohydrates (50% to 58%) in the diet were low and the protein ingestion (1.5 to 1.7 g/kg of body weight) was appropriate, according to values proposed for athletes. Vitamin intake was satisfactory, except for folic acid of gymnasts from Rio de Janeiro. From the minerals assessed, the intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was inadequate. No clinical signs of iron deficiency were observed.
Downloads
References
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. The female athlete triad. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Baltimore, v.29, n.5, p.1-9, 1997.
AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION. Position of the American Dietetic Association and the Canadian Dietetic Association: nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.93, n.6, p.691-696, 1993.
BENARDOT, D., SCHWARZ, M., HELLER, D.W. Nutrient intake in young, highly competitive gymnast. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.89, n.3, p.401-403, 1989.
BENARDOT, D., CZERWINSKI, C. Selected body composition and growth measures of junior elite gymnasts. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.91, n.1, p.29-33, 1991.
BERNINK, M.J.E., ERICH, W.B.M., PELTENBURG, A.L., ZONDERLAND, M.L., HUISVELD, I.A. Height, body composition, biological maturation and training in relation to socio-economic status in girl gymnasts, swimmers, and controls. Growth, Bar Harbor ME, v.47, n.3, p.1-12, 1983.
BURGER, A., CONNEL, M., SCHEIDEGGER, K. Monode- -iodination of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine during low and high calorie diets. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baltimore, v.65, n.1, p.829-835, 1987.
CLAESSENS, A.L., LEFEVRE, J., BEUNEN, G., MALINA, R.M. The contribution of anthropometric characteristics to performance scores in elite female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Torino, v.39, n.4, p.355-360, 1999.
COMMITTEE ON SPORTS MEDICINE. Amenorrhea in adolescent athletes. Pediatrics, Evanston IL, v.84, n.2, p.394-395, 1989.
CONSTANTINI, N.W., ELIAKIM, A., ZIGEL, L., YAARON, M., FALK, B. Iron status of highly active adolescents: evidence of depleted iron stores in gymnasts. International Journal Sports Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism, v.10, n.1, p.62-70, 2000.
DALY, R.M., RICH, P.A., KLEIN, R., BASS, S.L. Short stature in competitive prepubertal and early pubertal male gymnasts: the result of selection bias or intense training? Journal of Pediatrics, St. Louis MO, v.137, n.4, p.510-516, 2000.
DEUTZ, R.C., BENARDOT, D., MARTIN, D.E., CODY, M.M. Relationship between energy deficits and body composition in elite female gymnasts and runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Baltimore, v.32, n.3, p.659-668, 2000.
DÜPPE, H., GARDSELL, P., JOHNELL, O., NILSSON, B.E., INGSBERG, K. Bone mineral density, muscle strength and physical activity: a population based study of 332 subjects aged 15-42 years. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, Copenhage, v.68, n.2, p.97-103, 1997.
ESCOLA PAULISTA DE MEDICINA. Centro de informática em saúde. Programa de apoio a nutrição CIS/EPM, [programa de computador]. Versão 2.5. São Paulo : Brasil, 1993.
GUEDES, D.P. Composição corporal: princípios, técnicas e aplicações. 2.ed. [S.l.] : Ceitec, 1994. 93p.
HAYWOOD, K.M., CLARCK, B.A., MAYHEW, J.L. Differential effects of age-group gymnastics and swimming on body composition, strength, and flexibility. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Stuttgart, v.26, n.1, p.416-420, 1986.
HICKSON, J.F., SCHRADER, J., TRISCHLER, L.C. Dietary intakes of female basketball and gymnastics athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.86, n.2, p.251-253, 1986.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ALIMENTAÇÃO E NUTRIÇÃO. Pesquisa nacional sobre saúde e nutrição: perfil de crescimento da população brasileira de 0 a 25 anos. Brasília, 1990. 60p.
KIRCHNER, E.M., LEWIS, R.D., O’CONNOR, P.J. Bone mineral density and dietary intake of female college gymnasts. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Baltimore, v.27, n.2, p.543-549, 1995.
LINDHOLM, C., HAGENFELDT, K., HAGMAN, U. A nutrition study in juvenile elite gymnasts. Acta Paediatrics, Stockholm, v.84, n.1, p.273-277, 1995.
LOOSLI, A.R., BENSON, J., GILLIEN, D.M., BOURDET, K. Nutrition habits and knowledge in competitive adolescent female gymnasts. Physician and Sportsmedicine, v.14, n.8, p.118-130, 1986. LOPEZ-VARELA, S., MONTERO, A., CHANDRA, R.K., MARCOS, A. Nutritional status of young female elite gymnasts. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Bern, v.70, n.4, p.185-190, 2000.
McARDLE, W.D., KATCH, F.I., KATCH, V.L. Fisiologia do exercício: energia, nutrição e desempenho humano. Rio de Janeiro : Guanabara, 1992. 510p.
MINITAB. Programa de estatística. Versão 7.2. [S.l.] : Minitab Inc/State College, 1989.
MOFFATT, R.J. Dietary status of elite female high school gymnast: inadequacy of vitamin and mineral intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.84, n.11, p.1361-1363, 1984.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10.ed. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989. 284p.
NICKOLS-RICHARDSON, S.M., O’CONNOR, P.J., HAPSES, S.A., LEWIS, R.D. Longitudinal bone mineral density changes in female child artistic gymnasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, New York, v.14, n.6, p.994-1002, 1999.
NICKOLS-RICHARDSON, S.M., MODLESKY, C.M., O’CONNOR, P.J., LEWIS, R.D. Premenarcheal gymnasts possess higher bone mineral density than controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Baltimore, v.32, n.1, p.63-69, 2000.
O’CONNOR, P.J., LEWIS, R.D., BOYD, A. Health concerns of artistic women gymnasts. Sports Medicine, Auckland, v.21, n.5, 321-325, 1996.
ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD. Conocimientos actuales sobre nutrición. 6.ed. Washington DC, 1991. 628p.
PELTENBURG, A.L., ERICH, W.B.M., BERNINK, M.J.E., ZONDERLAND, M.L., HUISVELD, I.A. Biological maturation, body composition, and growth of female gymnasts and control groups of schoolgirls and girls swimmers, aged 8 to 14 years: a cross-sectional survey of 1064 girls. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Stuttgart, v.5, n.1, p.36-42, 1984.
PINHEIRO, A.V.B., LACERDA, E.M.A., BENZECRY, E.A., GOMES, M.C.S., COSTA, V.M. Tabela para avaliação do consumo alimentar em medidas caseiras. Rio de Janeiro : [s.n.], 1993. 64p. (produção independente).
RAUNIKAR, R.A., SABIO, H. Anemia in the adolescent athlete. American Journal of Diseases of Child, Chicago, v.146, n.3, p.1201-1205, 1992.
ROWLAND, T.W., KELLEHER, J.F. Iron deficiency in athlete. American Journal of Diseases of Child, Chicago, v.143, n.1, p.197-200, 1989.
SHERMAN, W.M. Metabolism of sugar and physical performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.62, p.S228-S241, 1995. Supplement.
SINNING, W.E., LINDBERG, G.D. Physical characteristics of college age women gymnasts. Research Quarterly, Washington DC, v.43, n.2, p.226-234, 1972.
SLAUGHTER, M.H., LOHMAN, T.G., BOILEAU, R.A., HORSWILL, C.A., STILLMAN, R.J., LOAN, V., BEMBEN, D.A. Skinfolds equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology, Detroit MI, v.60, n.5, p.709-723, 1988.
SMIT, P.J. Anthropometric observations on South African gymnasts. South African Medical Journal, Capetown, v.47, n.1, p.480-485, 1973.
SMOLAK, L., MURNEN, S.K., RUBLE, A.E. Female athletes and eating problems: a meta-analysis. International Journal Eating Disorders, v.27, n.4, p.371-380, 2000.
SOARES, E.A., PORTELLA, E.S., ISHII, M. Relação de medidas caseiras de 320 alimentos e respectivas gramagens. São Paulo : Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. 33p. (Ceane - Série divulgação científica).
TARNOPOLSKY, M.A. Protein, caffeine, and sports: guidelines for active people. Physician and Sportsmedicine, v.21, n.3, p.137-149, 1993.
THEINTZ, G.E., HOWAL, D.H., WEISS, U., SIZONENKO, P.C. Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts. Journal of Pediatrics, St. Louis MO, v.122, n.1, p.306-313, 1993.
VUORI, I. Peak bone mass and physical activity: a short review. Nutrition Reviews, New York, v.54, n.4, p.11-14, 1996.
WEBSTER, B.L., BARR, S.I. Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes: comparing six regression equations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , Baltimore, v.25, n.5, p.648-653, 1993.
WEBSTER, B.L., BARR, S.I. Calcium intakes of adolescent female gymnasts and speed skaters: lack of association with dieting behavior. International Journal of Sports Nutrition, v.5, n.1, p.2-12, 1995.
WEIMANN, E., WITZEL, C., SCHWIDERGALL, S., BOHLES, H.J. Peripubertal perturbations in elite gymnasts caused by sport specific training regimes and inadequate nutritional intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Stuttgart, v.21, n.3, p.210-215, 2000.
WOLMAN, R.L. Bone mineral density levels in elite female athletes. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, London, v.49, n.3, p.1013-1016, 1990.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Energy and protein requirements. Geneve, 1985. 221p. (Technical Report Series, 24).
ZETARUK, M.N. The young gymnast. Clinics in Sports Medicine, Philadelphia, v.19, n.4, p.757-780, 2000.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Beatriz Gonçalves RIBEIRO, Eliane de Abreu SOARES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
